Ancient Egypt and Education Essay

Egypt, the gift of the Nile, is situated in the northern part of the African continent. Ancient Egypt was a desert country watered only by the Nile River which flooded the country from August to October, leaving behind a very rich black earth. The river flows into the Mediterranean Sea. The government of Egypt was autocratic, ruled by a king called Pharaoh who had absolute power. The kingdom started in 3400 B.C. when under the leadership of Menes, the first Pharaoh, Memphis in the north and Thebes in the south merged together and Egypt became a united country. The name Pharaoh meant â€Å"great house† which referred either to the palace or to the duties of the king. The land was owned by the Pharaoh who divided it among his nobles and the priests who owned large portions of the land for religious purposes. The common people tilled the land and gave large portions of their produce to their overlords, nobles, and priests. The Egyptians were polytheistic. They worshipped the sun god, Ra or Amon Ra, and Osiris , his female counterpart, the good god, who judged the dead. Their son, Horus, was god of day, and Set or Seth was their Satan. The Egyptians were firm believers in life after death, hence, they built many temples. Egyptian civilization dates back to 5000 B.C., the start of its recorded history. * Training of scribes. Scribes were in great demand to record the transactions of ecclesiastical and commercial business. This was the most coveted profession at that time. * Religious. This aim was to inculcate proper respect for the gods and the pharaoh who was also considered as god. * Utilitarian. The father wanted to transfer to his son his skills in his occupation and the mother to her daughter the skills in keeping house. * Preservation of cultural patterns. Those in charge of Egyptian education, the nobles and priests, wanted to preserve their cultural patterns, the Egyptian civilization. * Religious education. This was predominant as the priests wanted to inculcate in the minds of the learners proper respect for the gods, moral conduct, and a preparation for life after death. * Vocational-professional education. This was also predominant because they wanted to perpetuate the artistic skills that embellished their temples and other buildings and their wonderful achievements in engineering and architecture. * Military education. This was only for the sons of the nobles. * Education for public administration. This was for those who aspired for positions in the government because the pharaoh needed many assistants to implement his desires. * Priesthood education. This was for those who aspired to become priests. * Home arts education. This was largely vocational and offered to women. The Egyptian woman was accorded higher regard than in other Eastern countries at that time. They could even inherit the throne. * Writing, reading, and language education. The Egyptians used the hieroglyphics form of writing (from the Greek words hieros, â€Å"sacred† and glypho, to carve). These were pictures or signs that represented ideas. The hieroglyphics were great in number but later they were simplified into what was called hieratic (sacred) and later still into a form called demotic. * Reading, writing, and language. The learners learned the language of their respective vocations, especially commerce. * Religious and secular literature. They studied aphorisms, proverbs, moral judgments, etc. * Artistry in metals and lapidary. * Mathematics, especially geometry and surveying , were studied due to the frequent inundations of their field which washed away the landmarks which had to be replaced. * Subjects in astronomy, engineering, architecture, physics, medicine, embalming, dentistry, and law were taught in the temple schools by the priests. * Music, dancing, playing the harp, cymbals, drum, lyre, guitar, tambourine, and clapping to rhythm. * Sports, games, and physical education with swimming, wrestling, archery, and hunting and fishing taken as vocations and avocations. * The military schools offered training in the use of the bow and arrow, battle ax, lance, mace, and shield. Egypt became a military power in the ancient world from 1600 to 1400 B.C. Education was under the control of religion. This was a part of early Egyptian culture. * Home. The home provided for basic education. Home skills and rudiments of right and wrong were taught at home. * Temple schools. The temple schools were for higher education, especially for the professions such as engineering, architecture, medicine, dentistry, surveying, etc. * Military schools. These schools were only for the sons of the nobles; their purpose was for defense and aggression. * Court schools. To these schools went those aspiring for a public office and those taking up law. Law was taught by a corps, Pharaoh’s corps of public officials, part of a function of priesthood. * Vocational schools. These were schools of arts and trades. * The young studied at home, usually with the mother as teacher. * At age 5, the boys attended the reading and writing schools under the priests if the parents could afford to pay the school fees. At 17, the boys entered the schools that offered their vocations. * Apprenticeship. This was the dominant method especially in the lower and the vocational schools. * Dictation, memorization, copying, imitation, repetition. These were standard practices in teaching especially in the lower grades. * Observation and participation. These were also standard practices of teaching, especially in the vocational courses. * Although some lay teachers were allowed to teach in the lower schools, the teachers in the temple and higher schools were always priests and scribes. Flogging was used to penalize failure to learn. The pupils and students had to pay a certain amount of school fees even in the lower schools. Hence, education was not universal. Outstanding Contribution to Education The outstanding contribution of the early Egyptians to education were probably geometrical measurement and surveying. They were the first to use these two mathematical techniques and their mastery was due to the annual inundation of their fields by the Nile River, necessitating the remeasuring of their fields again and again and restoring the landmarks lost during floods. After centuries of progress, Egypt declined. Some historians trace the cause to the refusal of the priestly class to change the accepted rules and practices. The old prevented the young from learning further because of apprenticeship. But the chief cause was â€Å"the incapacity of the Egyptian mind to ascend from the practical and empirical to the scientific and universal. Conceptual thinking, reasoning, creative imagination, and intellectual curiosity were foreign to them. They saw in knowledge only a means of practical advancement; they had love of knowledge for its own sake.†

Automobile †Stereotypes Essay

‘Stereotypes Of Mechanics’ There are many different stereotypes when it comes to taking your vehicle to a mechanic, whether it is one in your town our out. The stereotypes of mechanics will always be there. There are a lot of things that people label mechanics unjustly for such as, they tend to believe that we as mechanics’ are all stupid and un-educated, that we all are grease monkeys and we want nothing more than to rip them off. That we waste time and our prices are unfairly marked. It seems to me that the most important stereotype that gets me is when they have a tendency to think that if one mechanic did a ‘shady’ or other words un-reliable job, that that is how all mechanics are. That how in some significant way seem to think that somehow their age, religion, gender, race, and or attitude play a role in the way there vehicle is handled and serviced. I can remember a certain circumstance that happened to me in my life; it was a cold day in December 2007 at my friends’ garage, where I moonlight on the weekends. We had been working on a 1996 Toyota corolla when, a large man pulled up in his navigator. He had stated that it had been over heating, and wanted us to take a look at it. I told him it would be a few hours to leave it there because we already had a car that needed to be finished first. Well he didn’t like that, he had got mad and said: that all you mechanics are just a fucking like you rather work on that piece of shit corolla then my navigator. I had told him I am sorry he felt that way, but we do not discriminate from one customer’s car to the next, that they are all the same. He said well where I am from they would have done mine for me now; I wouldn’t had to have waited like this. That it must be are dumb redneck education and location, is why we where not smart enough to do his first, that it must be the way we where raised. So I told him that he was more then welcome to wait, if not he can take it somewhere else, he was a little upset and left. The funny thing was it was not more then an hour, when I heard a car pull up. I looked out and there was that man standing out in the driveway with my boss. They walked in; the boss had called me to his office and, said have you met my brother? I looked puzzled, he said I wanted to tell you thank you for the work you do and, wanted to test you guys to make sure you are all treating the customers’ right. Sorry I had to do this way but, hey you guys did well. So the stereotypes’ will always and, forever be there. You just have to remember that you must keep a level head, not get sucked in to stereotyping someone else. Always remember, hey when there talking about me they are just human and, when there talking about me there leaving someone else alone, even if just for a few moments.

What Strategies Should McDonald's Pursue in 2011-2013 Essay

What Strategies Should McDonald's Pursue in 2011-2013 - Essay Example Thus, the strategic management within an organization revolves around conducting an analysis, deciding on an appropriate course of action and finally taking the action. Analysis of strategic management entails the critical evaluation of internal as well as the external environments within which the firm operates. Along these lines, an organization analyzes her missions, visions, goals and objectives as against the other players within the industry. Among these decisions that the organization must make is with what other firms do they compete and through what ways should the competition be? Finally, actions are taken with the aim, of realizing the set goals and meeting the decisions made after the analysis (Dess, Gregory, Lumpkin and Marilyn, 2005, 1) The McDonald’s (MCD) is a trade logo for a group of fast food and burger restaurants; she works like â€Å"Burger King Holdings.† The McDonalds are seen to be the dominant players within this industry with the widest covera ge of the world. According to past reports, the company has set an ever rising performance in the last nine years with her key operational pillars being founded on; people customers and employees), price, products, promotion and place. Their fundamental operation strategy has been â€Å"plan to win† all through. The annual report on investors for the year 2010 reveals a fabulous performance of the company despite the many challenges she faced just like all other firms and especially those in a like industry of the fast foods. By managing deeper insights for customers and proper alignment of business strategies, the CEO says that a 5% rise in comparable sales was realized, 9% growth in operating income and the company’s overall market share around the globe increased. By upholding proper prioritization for the relevance of the firm’s brand and focusing sharply on the customers, the firm managed to keep on top in the year. However, as the CEO puts it, it was the s ame focus that was to be employed for the following year, 2011. The basic working formula for the firm has been building on and holding onto the basics while at the same time modernize and differentiate their brand. As for the service delivery, the brand was committed to further her excellency by adopting onto favorable technologies, invest in training and adoption of other service enhancement mechanisms that are all aimed at maintaining or improving her performance in the year 2011. Repackaging as part of product differentiation and promotion was to be adopted more so through restaurant re-imaging (McDonald’s Corporation, 2010, 1-3). In a more like manner, the year 2011 saw a fantastic performance of the corporation. The CEO records a 5.6% comparable sales rise a 10% growth in operating income and an increase in the corporations overall market share margin. All these are attributable to the proper forecasts made and policies put in place in the previous year, followed by the right decisions and the correct actions. This therefore has revealed a strong strategic management planning of the corporation over the year 2011. There was even deeper commitment to modernizing the operations of the corporation even further than the previous years with even more innovations on customer oriented products. 2012 was no lesser as the comparable margin in sales shot up by 3.1% while 4% was the income increase. The year marked a continuation of inventions and innovations where new menus’ came into place and the focused decision to become modernized taking shape. In a bid to reach more markets, the report also reveals great strides that have been taken to exploit new markets, especially within even the emerging economies. The

Cyber Threats Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cyber Threats - Assignment Example ARP poisoning Address Resolution Protocol spoofing, also referred to as ARP flooding, or ARP poisoning/ARP poison routing is a mechanism that is employed when one wants to attack an Ethernet wireless or wired network. This technique may allow the attacker to undertake packet sniffing. In case of email, the attacker will sniff the traffic sent by one host to another host ion the network (Tan & Ruighaver 2005). In the normal operations of ARP, there will be broadcasting of host IP address and MAC addresses. When some host wants to send some information to a certain host, it will send a broadcast asking who has a certain IP address. The host with the respective IP address will reply to the request and will do so with the correct IP address and the MAC address. This communication happens with a lot of gullibility (Salomon &Cassat 2003). This is because, ARP does not have authentication. The reply and the host which replies that it has the said IP address and MAC address will not be authe nticated. In ARP communication, there is no authentication of the hosts. The host replying will be taken to be correct. ARP does not have a mechanism of correcting the information that it gets from the hosts which are communicating in the network (Salomon & Cassat 2003). Since there is no authentication of the ARP requests and replies, the attacker will insert a wrong IP address to a computer cache. The ARP request will then be fed with the wrong IP address. This is called ARP poisoning, that is the ARP table has been poisoned with wrong information. The attacker manages to lie to the machines and to the people in the network (Russell & Gangemi 2011). What these attacks do is that they will get what is taking place with the two parties. When the parties communicate, the attacker will get the packets and get the email password of either parties or even both parties. They can then use the passwords to undertake attacks (Peltier 2005). The possibility for an IP address to be associated with any given MAC address is another loophole for attacks. They are able to undertake many forms of attacks to the unsuspecting users and hosts in the network. In this state, other forms of network attack can be experienced. Other common forms of attacks that can be experienced include man-in-the-middle attacks, MAC flooding, and denial of service attacks (Orebaugh, Ramirez & Beale 2007). Man-in-the-middle attacks This is an attack which is common in local area networks. This attack is a form of active and aggressive eavesdropping where the attacker will create independent connections between the parties communicating so that the attacker will feign either parties communicating. In the end, the parties communicating will think that they are having a private communication and yet in the real sense, the communication is being controlled by eth attacker (Neumann 2006). A hacker can make use of ARP spoofing/poisoning to attack the communication between communicating parties. This can sim0ply be undertaken by having the attacker sending ARP reply to a router. The router could be communicating with computer A. The router will send information regarding its IP address and the MAC address thinking that the requesting agent is computer A. After getting this information, the attacker will also send an ARP replies to machine A. Machine A will respond to the reply thinking that the machine is a router. It will then send information to the attacker. After getting the IP and MAC address, the attacker will then use the operating system characteristic that is referred to as IT forwarding. This feature will

Coastal Defence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Coastal Defence - Essay Example The process of land claim means that it is necessary to exclude the sea from part or all of this intertidal area, and also protect this area from reinundation. Land claim for agriculture and industry generally takes in the higher salt marsh because the higher elevation of the intertidal area claimed means, first, that the wave activity will be reduced by the lower marshes and mudflats fronting the area to be reclaimed. (Yates 235-249) In cases where there are not sufficient areas of such deposits fronting the proposed claim, then the area is perhaps not well suited. Second, less material is needed to build up the newly created dry land. Third, the higher the elevation, the lower the sea walls need to be to prevent tidal overtopping. Finally, agriculture needs good-quality farmland, and the upper marshes provide the most 'mature' sediments available in respect of the processes of soil formation. (Archer 103-120; Knecht 183-199) There are few areas of coastline in the 'developed' world which have not been subject to some form of land claim, defence works, or development. (Louisse 10-15; Fischer 437-447) It has been the tendency for coastal populations to utilise their immediate environment to the full, obtaining as much land as possible in order to increase their agricultural or industrial potential, and to defend low-lying land to increase their security from flooding by the sea. As far as port development in estuaries is concerned, one of the key requirements is that the port itself should be afforded as much shelter as possible. Traditionally, this meant that estuaries were the most suitable sites and, because of the small size of the earliest vessels, many of the early ports were built some way upstream from the estuary mouth. As ship size has increased, so these earlier ports have become uneconomic, and thus many have been relocated downstream, towards the estuary mouth. (Guy 219-248) This has meant that the majority of the world's major estuaries have some form of port development located within them. In addition, even these areas may not be suitable for the larger vessels of today, and thus many estuaries have been artificially deepened by dredging to allow for the increased draught of modern ships. This process leads to an artificial intertidal profile in which natural processes are in constant competition with the alien environment in which they find themselves. (Beatley 1-22) As a result, especially over the past few centuries, many estuaries have experienced considerable modification to their natural ecosystems, which have brought about changes in floral patterns and bird populations. From a process point of view, the dredging and land claiming which have occurred in estuaries have also produced changes in circulation patterns, tidal regime, and sediment deposition patterns, causing further knock-on effects for natural habitats and wildlife populations. (Barston 93-116) The need for coastal defences Because of the need to protect the newly claimed land from reinundation by the sea, it is also a requirement of land claim to install some form of flood defence. (Doody 275-283) This defence is largely to keep the sea out, rather than an anti-erosion structure, and so tends to be more a flood defence measure than a

Have you been influenced by your family history or culture, or the Essay

Have you been influenced by your family history or culture, or the family environment you grew up in You might consider who you are as an individual, what va - Essay Example With so many people sharing a planet and so many different characteristics, ideologies, concepts, opinions, dreams, aspirations and life styles, the world should be a happy melting pot of culture and celebrated differences. Sadly, this is not the case at all. I dream of living in a world, or even a community where qualities such as acceptance, love, kindness and understanding are the centrifugal emotions and attitudes. I hope to one day see a world that is almost void of racism, war, hatred, prejudice, greed, violence and unkindness. I feel strongly that if we all made an effort to celebrate the things which make us different, we would have a much easier time forming long and lasting friendships and partnerships with others. This would ultimately lead to a peaceful and symbiotic coexistence for everyone on the planet. I feel that I am an extremely ambitious individual and capable of a myriad of tasks at once. I fell strongly that I am best suited to be an entrepreneur, and a self made one at that. I am dedicated to my education, as well as to hard work and studying in order to surpass the expectations and ideologies of my parents and grandparents before me. I look forward to building my own company from the ground up and watching it flourish through all of my hard work and dedication. I hope that in some small way, I can create a sense of happiness and acceptance among the people that I meet and work with in such a way that a spirit of kindness and individuality will seep into the lives of everyone I know and then everyone that those individuals know and so on. I am grateful for my heritage and for the most part, proud of it. I have seen racism and conflicts between ethnic groups in my life which saddens me. I believe these events have made me a stronger person as well as one who is aware of the horrors of a racist attitude. Just as an attitude of racism infects those

Examining the Skills of Famous Business Leaders Research Paper

Examining the Skills of Famous Business Leaders - Research Paper Example This paper analyses the leadership style of these two individuals. Oprah Winfrey was born on January 29, 1954 in Kosciusko Mississippi on January 29, 1954 (Achievement, 2009). She started her career as a radio broadcaster. She showed early on in her career the ability to communicate with others and to captivate the attention of large audiences. In 1985 she started the talk show â€Å"The Oprah Winfrey Show† which soon became the nation’s top talk show nationwide. Oprah Winfrey’s leadership style can be categorized as a charismatic leader. Charismatic leaders are those leaders who by force of their abilities are capable of having a profound and extraordinary effect on their followers (Schermerhorn, et. al. 2003). Alan Greenspan was born on March 6, 1926. He majored in economics from the University of New York. Some of his professional accomplishment includes being the top economics consultant for the firm Townsend-Greenspan, advisor to President Nixon, and advisor in the Ford presidency (Answers, 2009). His greatest professional goal was becoming the president of the federal reserve from 1987-2006. Mr. Greenspan was a powerful figure in US political regime that was considered the most powerful financial leader during his tenured as head of Fed. His leadership style can be categorized as a transactional leadership. Transactional leadership behavior focuses on the accomplishment of tasks and good worker relationships in exchange for desirable rewards in the workplace (Leadingtoday, 2003). The leadership style of Oprah Winfrey is much different that the leadership style of Mr. Greenspan. Oprah utilized her outgoing personality to inspire others, while Alan utilize his legitimate power to dictate the economic policies the country would follow as far as monetary policy is concern. Greenspan had many people that disagreed with his decisions who became adversaries of his regime. Oprah utilized

Corporate Governance Practices in Qatar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Corporate Governance Practices in Qatar - Essay Example Governments are creating new regulatory frameworks to improve corporate governance of companies (Adamson, 22- 03-2011). Multinational companies are evolving and changing corporate governance to meet benchmarks and the basic requirements required by investors in making investment decisions. Companies are focusing on best practices such as risk management in order to have good corporate governance. Companies are emphasizing the management of their reputations to improve the perception of local and global community about their images. The drive to implement good corporate governance and the financial crisis in Qatar have led directors and officers of multinational companies to increase the awareness of their responsibilities. The executives are taking companies’ failure as personal liability. In Qatar, Investors are holding executives and boards responsible for unsatisfactory performance. Companies are under thorough scrutiny especially on managerial actions. Executives are aware of risks facing them. Therefore, they act to limit personal liability. The Arabic companies are embracing a more pragmatic and less litigious approach in their corporate governance to serve the international community. The Qatar government is creating new frameworks for practices and regulations that favour multinational companies. The aim of the government of Qatar to provide real business environments to attract both foreign and local investors. The greater accountability for boards and executives actions has made companies prio ritize shareholders’ interests. It is because shareholders and financial regulators put a scrutiny on issues of corporate governance. Multinational companies are now taking a proactive approach in risk management to protect executives and boards’ members. These companies are improving the standards of corporate governance to march the

The monopoly market structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The monopoly market structure - Essay Example In monopoly the output level is less and creates unemployment of the resources. The resources are not properly and efficiently utilized as compared to other market structures. In such market the price is greater than the marginal cost which becomes a burden on the consumers. The consumers are not satisfied with the production as the price is higher and the availability of the product is lower to create artificial scarcity - by this way the market can earn high profits(Gartner, 2009). Such a market structure is considered inefficient as it provides an advantage that the market is independent. It lets an authority manipulate price to increase profit whereas in perfect competition the actions of each firm is dependent and the firm cannot charge high prices because of competition. (Economics Help) The monopoly is inefficient in allocation because the price is greater than the marginal cost. By increasing the price of the product the market can earn higher profits as compared to other mar ket structures (Green region in the above graph), but by reducing the price of the product (PM to P1) the market will have to sell more quantity of the product (QM to Q1) which will be the combined loss of both the consumer and the producer surplus (Pink region in the above graph). The Average Cost (AC) curve is higher than normal which shows that monopoly is productively inefficient because monopolist does not have to face competition to reduce cost to the lowest possible level. It means that the monopoly is ineffective in the production of goods (Williamson, 2008). Monopoly markets rarely innovate as they are aware that there are no competitors in the market, and they are the sole producer of the product whereas in perfect competition the products are timely and...This essay presents modern comprehensive analysis of the disadvantages of the monopoly market structure with comparison to other types. Still, it is shown that in the paper, it is preferable to have monopoly market struc ture among gas and electric companies, water companies, local telephone companies. If the cost is very high to operate a businesses, then it is better to have one company rather than several firms because it will allow the company to lower their average costs through economies of scale; thus, the customers will get the product or service at a lower price. Monopoly market structure is considered inefficient as it provides an advantage that the market is independent. It lets an authority manipulate price to increase profit. In monopoly the output level is low and creates unemployment of the resources. The resources are not properly and efficiently utilized as compared to other market structures. The monopoly is inefficient in allocation because the price is greater than the marginal cost. This market structure gives an opportunity to create supremacy over the sector and eliminates threats from competitors as the firm established itself in the industry. With no substitutes available in the market, the sector can produce quality goods efficiently and can reduce its overall average cost because of the high fixed cost that has been incurred in order to manage such a business. The sector has complete control over the output level of the commodity, and it provides the sector with an advantage to influence the price

Us History World War II Research Paper Essay Example for Free

Us History World War II Research Paper Essay Technology played a key role in determining the outcome of World War II. The high military demand for more advanced technology acted as a catalyst for the development of technology in the interwar years of the 1920’s and 1930’s. Scientists and Engineers alike poured massive amounts of research and development time into supporting the war effort, and more advanced technology was developed at an alarmingly rapid rate. One notable fact about technology in World War II is that World War II is the first war in which many military attacks were designed specifically to sabotage the research efforts of the enemies. In the bombing of Peenemunde, the Eighth Air Force executed a bombing run to destroy hydrogen peroxide that was being used to fuel the V-2 Rocket. Another example is the Norwegian heavy water sabotage in which a group of Norwegian soldiers destroyed a heavy water plant to inhibit the Nazi development of nuclear weapons (heavy water or, deuterium oxide, can be used to produce nuclear weapons). Yet another example is when Niels Bohr, a brilliant Danish physicist who understood and even contributed to the discovery of atomic structure, was evacuated from German-controlled Denmark and brought to Britain in 1943. The allies made all of these efforts to deter Nazi Germany from further developing much-needed technology, and this shows just how important technology and the research of technology was during the War. Almost every type of technology was utilized in the war, but the most notable technological advances involved five main categories: Weaponry, Industry, Medicine, Communication, and Transportation. More advanced weaponry came in the form of magnetic detonating torpedos, â€Å"Tank destroyer† missile rounds, jet fighters, jet bombers, V1 autopilot bombs, proximity fuzes for shells and rockets, HEAT anti-tank warheads, aiming utilities for guns, and napalm. [1] Plastic explosion devices such as C2 were also developed in this time. Still more weapon developments came in the form of industrial advances. Many car factories significantly lowered the number of cars being manufactured and focused instead on the creation of guns, tanks, jets, and ammunition in order to better support the war effort. The stamping, riveting, and welding of guns were all new techniques that came into use during World War II and revolutionized the creation of guns. Design and production methods had advanced enough to manufacture weapons of reasonable reliability such as the PPSh-41, PPS-42, Sten, MP 40, M3 Grease Gun, Gewehr 43, Thompson, and the M1 Garand rifle. World War II also marked the dawn of the semi-automatic rifle, and more importantly, the dawn of the assault rifle. These new rifles were much more accurate than other firearms of their time, and proved especially lethal. Although modern day military forces don’t use the same weapons as they did in World War II, they do still use variations of the assault rifle. The idea of the assault rifle developed in World War II has stood the test of time, as assault rifles are still the most effective form of infantry weaponry due to their balanced weight, firepower, accuracy, and stopping power. In terms of advances in transportation, aircrafts, vehicles, and ships were all tremendously improved. This category of technology was one of the most important factors in determining the outcome of the war. The Jeep was invented in World War II. It was used firstly and primarily as a basic troop transport vehicle, although after the war it became popular as a public transportation vehicle too. Tanks were also created not only as a source of extreme firepower, but also as armored transports. By the end of the war, the allies had developed their own personal brand of tank that transported troops through areas under heavy fire with the protection of tank armor. These transportation vehicles were integral to the success of the allies in World War II, because without the ability to move troops from point to point, attacks would be weak and disorganized. Another noteworthy development pertaining to ground vehicles is the development of synthetic rubber. Previously, all rubber products had been made of natural rubber which was harvested in the south Pacific. During World War II, Japan cut off the U. S. from this supply of rubber which forced the U. S. to develop synthetic rubber. This turned out to be a cheaper and more practical alternative. Synthetic rubber was and still is used in the wheels of cars, as well as many other vehicles. This is just one of many lasting effects World War II has had on the US. Ships were also revolutionized during the World War II era. Naval technology was very poor at the time, but once radar technology was developed, navigation and detection was made much easier for submarine and ship pilots. The invention of radar was still very new — being developed only 2 years prior to the start of World War II. Hours of experimentation and development were poured into enhancing radar technology so that the allied forces could better combat the Nazi fleet. Aircrafts were also made more advanced during World War II. Aviation in general was very new at the time, so optimizing what basic aircrafts we had at the time for battle (by equipping them with guns and bombs) was a challenging feat. Considering the first powered flight had taken place only in 1903, only 40 years before World War II, both the axis and allied air force engineers had their work cut out for them. Biplanes were the most common planes leading up to the war, and engineers improved them to become stronger, more efficient, and faster. Fighters were developed first, and ran off of a single engine. They were generally outfitted with a front machine gun and supported one or two pilots. Fighter jets were not developed until the end of the war, and saw little use on the battlefield because of this. Another type of aircraft developed during World War II was the Bomber. These enormous planes were flown deep into enemy territory where they released bombs to wreak havoc on the enemy below. Bombers often targeted key structures and production facilities to cripple the output of the enemy forces. Even more technological advances were made in the field of communication. The invention of the transistor forever changed the way electronics such as computers and radios worked. Transistors amplify and switch electronic signals. This enabled electronic devices to be manufactured much smaller than before while still being just as (if not more) powerful. Computers that once took up entire rooms could now fit on a desk. Radios that previously lined a whole wall could now be carried by hand. This revolutionized electronic communication, and made for orders to be given and received quickly on the battlefield. Almost all modern day technology utilizes transistors. This is yet another example of how the technological advances made in World War II have trickled down to present day. Other technological and engineering feats achieved during, or as a result of, the war include the worlds first programmable computers (Z3, Colossus, and ENIAC), guided missiles, the Manhattan Projects development of nuclear weapons, and the development of artificial harbors and oil pipelines under the English Channel. The furthering of computer technology is by far the most pivotal, though. Computers have developed even further than radios and televisions. Word processing programs used in the present today have completely trivialized type writers, and the internal processors and software code allows for extremely complex mathematical algorithms to be solved at the touch of a button. However, word processing and mathematics are not the only uses for the computer in the modern day world. Computers are also used for entertainment through video games and online streams, education through online college programs and educational websites, mail through the invention of email, business transactions through the integration of the computer with the cash register, and the free transfer of ideas and news through the Internet. The idea of the computer, though conceived before World War II, blossomed and thrived in the technological boom that was provided by World War II research. Without the research and development performed during World War II, the computer would not be where it is today. These revolutionary advances in communication were not only utilized by the military, but also by the media. Although televisions and radios existed before World War II, they became much more important to the public during the war. News of what was happening on the war front could be conveyed quickly and efficiently throughout the nation. Gone were the days of delivering information via letters and horseback — news spread like wildfire through the use of media. For medical science, World War II was a spur to rapid advances. Newly discovered antibiotics such as penicillin, sulfonamide, and other drugs were rapidly made available for research, manufacture, and distribution. This was all made possible by the Government’s funding and support in coordination with war-time efforts to reduce the number of casualties on the battlefield. These drugs were extremely useful on the front, and saved countless lives of the wounded and the sick. Soldiers who may have previously died of bacterial infection were instead cured on the spot. The war also showed just how effective the use of psychiatry was on the battlefield. Men who fought on the front lines and experience some of the more gruesome and cruel elements of war were sent to war-time psychiatrists and could often return to the battlefield without going insane. This psychiatry provided before and after battles also greatly reduced the number of post traumatic stress disorder victims there were as a result of World War II. Another revolutionary technique, the extraction and storing of blood and blood plasma resulted in the saving of lives. Downed soldiers who lost fatal amounts of blood were be saved via blood transfusions. This was important, as many soldiers were often shot in non-fatal areas but died because of blood loss. However, with the option to transfuse blood into gunshot victims, many lives were saved. This was a pivotal moment for medics on the battlefield, as fewer soldiers died by bleeding out. Many of these discoveries in blood transfusion were later adapted for peacetime usage. Blood transfusions are used every day at hospitals across the country in order to save lives, and the technology developed in World War II has only developed even further since then. Blood can now be screened for viruses such as HIV/AIDS to ensure the recipient of the transfusions will not be infected. Blood donation is very common at places of employment and sometimes even schools. There is even a blood drive every year at De La Salle! However medicine and blood transfusions were not the only medical improvements made in World War II. Medical education in the United States accelerated during the war years. The training of wartime doctors consisted of three intense years of twelve months each instead of the usual four years of nine months each. U. S. medical schools geared up to produce physicians needed for the war effort more quickly. This ensured that there would never be a shortage of medics on the battlefield so that casualties could be minimized. Many different forms of technology were developed during World War II, and almost all of them contributed in one way or another to the war. Whether it was new forms of transportation being discovered, new medicines being researched, new methods of communication being utilized, new weapons being manufactured, or new production methods in factories being used to revolutionize industry, every form of technology developed during the war has influenced society in some way today.

Bell Helicopters: A Legacy of Global Innovation

Bell Helicopters: A Legacy of Global Innovation Abstract   Ã‚   Bell Helicopters began as an adventure of Lawrence Bell when he created Bell Aircraft Corporation. Through his admiration for aviation, a company grew that would help the allies, with the P-39 fighter and B-29 bomber, win the Second World War and conquer the demon of the sound barrier by reaching Mach 1 with the X-1 flown by Captain Chuck Yeager. When Larry Bell turned his passion to vertical flight, a new industry was born, the helicopter. Bell Aircraft would become the first company to mass produce the helicopter and produced such icons as the Bell Huey, Huey Cobra, and Bell Kiowa. These helicopters would redefine modern warfare and pave the way for civilian use of the machines. Bell Helicopters would emerge from the Bell Aircraft Corporation and produce helicopters for the world. The Model 206, Jet Ranger would see significant use in every corner of the globe in almost any helicopter job imaginable. Bell Helicopters would create alliances with companies such as Agusta, Boeing, and Air Methods Corporation and eventually merge with and become a subsidiary of the global Textron Corporation. Bell Helicopter continues to be an international leader in technologies and airframes with annual global revenue of $3.5 billion, and whose services and products, such as the Bell 505-X and the Bell 525 Relentless, will serve the global economy for the far-reaching future. Helicopters have played a vital role in aviation since their inception in the late 1930s. While airplanes travel specifically from point to point, helicopters provide the enroute services to the destination. The helicopter was born during the first half century of powered flight and several key inventors at the time stand out. This paper will follow one of them, Lawrence Bell, namesake of Bell Helicopters. During the early years of flight, airplanes were capturing the hearts of crowds everywhere with their ever-increasing speeds, distances, and capabilities. Larry Bell, an aircraft designer and manufacturer saw the potential for a closer to the earth, smaller, more personal airframe that would serve both military and civilian needs. Bell Aircraft Corporation, as Bell Helicopters was initially named, would begin by producing aircraft for the WWII effort and followed with vital X- programs in aircraft design. Their aircraft would provide the Axis powers with the equipment necessary to win the war and the development and realization of supersonic flight that followed. When Larry Bell realized the need for a civilian version of military helicopters, Bell Helicopters was established and has grown today into an international phenomenon that influences people all over the world. Almost all communities in the world are effected by the work that helicopters perform on a daily basis and a significant portion of those helicopters have been built by Bell Helicopters. This paper shares an insight into the history, formative years, programs, legacy, current and future products, mergers, international challenges and businesses, and future forecast for Bell Helicopters; a legacy of global innovation. Larry Bell: The Nucleus of the Innovation Lawrence Bell was born in a rural town in Indiana in 1894, but his love of aviation and airplanes began, like so many aviation enthusiast, after attending an airshow, when his family moved to California just before his 16th birthday. Bell never finished high school and dropped out to join his older brother, Grover, who had become an exhibition pilot, working with Lincoln Beachey and pioneer airplane builder Glenn L. Martin of the Martin Company. Larry Bell began to work as an aircraft mechanic but became a stockroom clerk after his brother was killed in an aircraft accident. Moving up the company, Bell rose to vice president and general manager in 1920, of the aircraft manufacturing and demonstration company. Nevertheless in 1925, after disagreements with Martin, Larry Bell left the Martin Company. It would be three years before he would return to the aircraft manufacturing business, and this time, Bell was promised guarantees of interest in the company. That company, Consolidated A ircraft, would give Bell the experience he needed to foster his own company, and when Consolidated moved to California from New York, Larry Bell and his general manager would stay behind and develop their own company. Bell Aircraft, opened its doors in July of 1935, by renting space in the former Consolidated Aircraft plant in New York (Lips, 2007). The company would build its first aircraft, the XFM-1 Airacuda, for the U.S. military, in 1937. Even though only thirteen airframes were built, it proved that Bell Aircraft Company could produce high quality, innovatively designed aircraft. The company was substantiated. Establishing a Legacy In 1938, Bell was sent to Europe with other leaders in the aviation industry to observe aviation capabilities at the time. While in Germany, Bell was enthralled by the German mass-production assembly lines as opposed to the workshop, single airframe production at home. He would write home Production methods here are far superior to anything in America or any other country, because theyre doing this on a large scale that lends itself to progressive production methods (Lips, 2007). During his tours of the German production factories, Larry Bell would see a craft that would profoundly impress him, a Focke Fa 61 helicopter. He would file this away for later when the aircraft would change him and his namesake company. On returning to Buffalo, N.Y., Bell would introduce the mass production he had observed in Germany. In 1938, he would begin design of an aircraft that would allow the company to go from producing only 13 aircraft in a year to assembling over 20 a day, innovating the mass production methods for aircraft assembly. This aircraft, the P-39 Airacobra, of which over 9,500 would be built was initially intended for the American and British military. Though design augmentations and changes would prove the aircraft undesirable for its original clients, the Soviets, through the Lend-Lease Act of 1941, would acquire the airframe and become Bells first international aircraft transactions. The Second Great War During World War II, Bell Aircraft would diversify and develop separate divisions to facilitate the production of other projects for the war effort. It would also create the Bell Modification Center, which during the war would modify aircraft and give valuable experience for the Bell employees when the time came to transition aircraft from military to fulfill civilian needs. The Bell Aircraft Company would continue its development of aircraft with the P-63 King Cobra, a modified and upgraded version of the P-39 Airacobra. The company would also open a plant in Marietta, GA that helped produce the famous B-29 bombers until 1946 when the production ceased. This plant, the first in the South would stand to be an economic boom for the region as most aircraft manufacturing was completed in the Northeast or West Coast of the U.S. (Superfortress,2017). The X Planes Americas first jet powered airplane, the XP-59 was developed by Bell Aircraft in secrecy during 1942. Although the aircraft would never see combat during the war, the technologies and designs produced in the development of the XP-59 would usher the Americans into the jet age. In 1944, Bell Aircraft realized the need for a high-speed research aircraft that could explore and test new speed frontiers (Lips, 2007). On October 14, 1947, using a Navy engine, the Bell X-1 piloted by Captain Charles Yeager, would become the first aircraft to break the impenetrable sound barrier by traveling faster than Mach 1.0. The X-1 program would set the pattern for all future X-craft programs and the X-1 project defined and solidified the post-war cooperation between U.S. military needs, civil industrial capabilities, and research facilities (NASA,2008). Bell would continue with the X-planes creating the X-5, which was the first aircraft to test the ability to change the sweep angle of its wings in flig ht, and the X-14 (Type 68), a long running test platform for vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) that incorporated vectored thrust. Bell Aircraft would become a leader in the theory of tilt-rotor VTOL, first with the XV-3 then with the X-22, a quad-ducted fan tilt-rotor. The XV-15, a tri-bladed rotating wing-pod VTOL, would take the company into a new direction by providing the technology that would set the stage for the future of vertical takeoff and landing aircraft. No Runway Needed: the Age of the Rotorcraft When Lawrence Bell first became intrigued in Germany with the helicopter design witnessed, he may not have known the true impact it would have on his future. Bell had heard of a young inventor and philosophy student, Author Middleton, who had developed a working model of a helicopter, and in 1941 brought him onboard to lead a team to create and construct the first Bell helicopter. The team would set up shop in a newly acquired, former Chrysler dealership, in Gardenville, N.Y. Six months later the team had a helicopter made of plywood beams, magnesium, fir and balsa wood rotor blades, and powered by a 165-hp Franklin engine, the Bell Model 30, whos first flight was on December 29, 1942 (Bell Helicoters,2017). Production and design correction were made on the aircraft and in 1946 the renamed Model 47 was granted the first commercial type certificate for a rotorcraft. This would open the door for the increased research and development of further helicopters. Larry Bell, in response to m arketing research, directed the engineering team to begin construction on a larger aircraft of the future for the civilian market. The answer from the team was the Bell 42, a 4 passenger helicopter whose design would endure into modern day helicopters. Unfortunately, there was no potential large scale civilian market for the new technology at the time and only two prototypes were made, forcing the Bell Helicopter Division to concentrate on military style helicopters. Bell Helicopter Division would continue the development of the Model 47 throughout the 1940s, but with the war effort and its associated revenue gone, a group of dissident stockholders would attempt a failed hostile takeover of the company. The company would weather union strikes and see its wartime employee number of 50,000 drop to less than 3,000 full time employees (Scranton, 2001). The 1950s saw a change for the company and in 1951 the Bell Aircraft Corporation Helicopter Division was relocated to Hurst Texas to separate and concentrate on the helicopter production for the military. The Korean war had ignited a requirement for helicopters and by 1953 the 1000th Model 47 rolled off the assembly line. In 1954, a critical component of modern day helicopters was developed, the turbine engine. This would give helicopters a more dependable form of propulsion and move the helicopter from a novelty into a fully functional presents in aviation. In 1956, Lawrence Larry Bell, founder and visionary of Bell Aircraft Corporation, passed away. His dreams and salesmanship for his aircraft, and his helicopters in particular, would set the stage for the Bell Helicopter Corporation to be established as a wholly owned subsidiary of Bell Aircraft Corporation in 1957 (Bell, 2017). In 1956 Bell Helicopters, would produce a helicopter that would not only change the company but change the world, the Model 204. This was the first production helicopter to utilize the turbine engine and the timing of its development on the world stage could not come at a better period for Bell. The U.S. military was searching for a helicopter for its utility use and the Bell 204 was selected. Research and development and would continue into the 1960s when Bell would begin producing in mass, the now famous Huey helicopter, whose name was slang from the military designation HU-1, (helicopter, utility). The Vietnam War would see this aircraft, and the helicopter in general, go from an indulgence to a workhorse. The helicopter would play such a major role in the conflict that the war would become known as the Helicopter War. Over 16,000 airframes have been built by Bell and its licensees of the Model 204 and 205, making it the most successful military helicopter ever built (Bell 205, 20 17). This airframe would be the basis for helicopter models that are still being built and flown today. To assist the 204 in its wartime mission, the U.S. military would also require a more formidable aircraft, an attack helicopter, and Bell would answer with the Model 209. The 209 would be a slim, tandem pilot seated helicopter, thats sole mission was with the armament that it carried. This was the first time a helicopter would be utilized in this fashion and over 1600 of the original production models were manufactured. Bell realized the effectiveness of the aircraft for militaries and to date has exported the product to the militaries of Bahrain, Israel, Turkey, Thailand, Spain, South Korea, Pakistan, Jordan, and Japan. These militaries, around the globe, will continue to fly variants of the aircraft into the 2020s (Cobra, 2016). Although these two aircraft would become the mainstay of the military effort for the last half of the century, a smaller, lighter aircraft would be the true link between military and civilian rotorcraft usage for Bell; the Model 206. The 206 began life not as a military helicopter but as a civilian light helicopter in 1966 as 206A, but was soon transitioned to its military version for a lightweight observation helicopter, the OH-58A Kiowa. The helicopter would perform well for the military and models C and D would be flown by the U.S. military into the new century. Sales of the OH-58A/C and D to foreign nations would include to Australia, Austria, Canada, Taiwan, Mexico, Dominican Republic, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (Kiowa, 2016). But for Bell, the 206 would provide a tangent that would enter the company into a new era; the domination of the civilian helicopter market. The Bell 206 Jet Ranger would become the worlds most utilized light helicopter. It would continue i n production from the 1960s until 2010 when Bell delivered its last B206BIII Jet Ranger having built over 8,400 aircraft. The Jet Ranger continues to be the safest single engine aircraft ever built, with the lowest accident rate of any aircraft, fixed or rotary wing (Huber, 2010). Mergers and Ventures In 1952 the company began its first joint foreign venture with Agusta of Italy, whom it gave permission for the licensing of the popular Bell 47. Production on several versions and models would continue for over a half century with Agusta building Model 47s, 48s, and the Huey, model 204. (Agusta, 2017). The Bell-Agusta relationship would continue into the tilt rotor category and in 1998 the Bell Agusta Aerospace Company (BAAC) would be formed to produce a civilian version of the tilt rotor vertical takeoff and landing aircraft designated the BA609. The collaboration was dissolved when Agusta merged with another European company, Westland in 2011 and the new company was named the Agusta Westland Tilt Rotor Company. Agusta was just one of the joint ventures Bell Helicopter Company would enter into. During the World War II, Bell would collaborate with Boeing in production of the B-29 bomber, and from 1984 until 2000, would join in an alliance with Fuji of Japan to product that countries model 209 (AH-1) attack helicopter. In 1960 Bell Aircraft corporation was purchase and became a wholly owned subsidiary of Textron Corporation. This provided the financial umbrella for Bell to increase its long-term research and development involving helicopters and other specialty projects (Gale, 2006). More recently, in 2000, Bell Helicopters and Air Methods entered into a strategic alliance that will produce medical transport helicopter interiors for the Bell helicopters that service the Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (HEMS) industry. To the Future and Beyond      Ã‚   Bell Helicopters maintains the focus required for creating rotorcraft to suite all the customer needs for the near and far future. From small to large, and with the capabilities to fulfill the roles that customers worldwide will demand, Bell Helicopters will continue to provide quality products at marketable prices. Under development are the Bell 505 Jet Ranger X, the Bell 525 Relentless, the VTOL V280 Valor. The Bell 505 is a five-place light helicopter that will fill a void in the Bell production line. The light helicopter category is the fastest growing of all the categories and the 505X is well suited to make the most of the needs of the consumers. The 525 Relentless will provide the super-medium helicopter clients with the performance and styling necessary to support a variety of customer needs, from oil industry transport, to medical services, to ultra-luxury transport. The VTOL V280 Valor will provide the enriched capability of vertical takeoff and landing and enhance the adva ntages of high speed deployment for the military sector. These aircraft, and the service and support that accompanies them, will cultivate the companys future endeavors for decades to come. Challenges and Trials The demand for helicopter sales, like all aircraft, are cyclical and difficult to predict and forecast. These swings in demand for new helicopters, and the accompanying services, could have significantly varying degrees of success or be unanticipatedly less than prediction models for the future sales. As Bell Helicopters world-wide military sales and post-sales service are a significant part of its revenue base, at 59 percent in 2015 (Textron, 2016), congressional appropriations, international priorities for defense spending, and instability in global events can have a significant effect on the helicopter market. Changes in governmental regulations on the export of military hardware and services to certain countries also has an impact on the ability of Bell Helicopters to maintain its production predictions. Civilian markets are just as unpredictable with factors relating to usage and economic stability. As industries reach a financial drip in production and operations, as recently in the oil and gas industry, who utilize helicopters extensively, demand for newer or replacement helicopters is shelved or new orders temporarily halted until operations have increased. As Bell Helicopters are marketed in U.S. dollars, any volatility in the exchange rates for foreign nations currencies, or fluctuations in foreign economic or political stability can have a detrimental effect on sales revenues and the ability to operate for post-sales service. New foreign regulations and laws concerning environmental protection, and those relating to climate change, are impacting the cost of product design and manufacturing and could affect the ability of Bell to operate in certain localities. The restriction of the operation of helicopters due to noise and emissions contributions in specified areas will have an impact on the requirement for new and existing products in countries with restraining regulations. Bell continues to develop and design quieter and environmentally friendlier products for inclusion into restrictive markets. The International Partnerships Bell Helicopters partners with over 50 global companies to provide the service and support for its worldwide customers. With logistical supply and service centers in Amsterdam, Prague, Canada, and Singapore, Bell Helicopters has a world-wide presence necessary to give customers responsive and accurate support. The Prague center is a state-of-the-art customization and delivery service center that upgrades the helicopter interiors of Bells customers to fit their individual needs. In Amsterdam, Bell Helicopters provides regional distribution and support for over 200 customers, in 55 countries spread across Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Since 1974, the facility at Schipol, has been serving the European community by increasing the customer service capabilities. In Singapore, in addition to the marketing and service support provided to the military and civilian helicopter transportation industry of Asia, Bell Helicopters has opened a training academy for regulatory maintenance class es with theory and practical training (Gale, 2016). Bells largest manufacturing outside of the U.S. is conducted at Maribel, Canada. In 2016, Bell announced their plans for Mirabel to be the location for the final assembly of the new Bell 505X. Quoting Bell CEO, Mitch Snyder Our operations in Canada have been, and will continue to be, a vital part of our commercial growth strategy and Maribel will remain a cornerstone of our global production, RD, engineering, and certification activities. The Landing Bell Helicopters continues to be a formidable force for the future of vertical lift. By maintaining production cost controls at or below governmental contracted rates and providing on-time delivery of products, Bell Helicopters maintains a leadership in the military procurement of contracts throughout the world. In the civilian side, the innovations of leading edge technologies, and providing outstanding support for the entire life cycle of their products, will allow Bell to grow their market share. Civilian tilt rotor transportation is in its infancy and Bell is positioned to take full advantage of its continued growth. By focusing on new opportunities that arise and pioneering innovative ways for meeting their customers needs, Bell Helicopters will flourish and continue the vision of its founder for the future of vertical lift flight. References: Lips, J. (2007), Larry Bell: Aviations Super Salesman, Retrieved from: http://airportjournals.com/larry-bell-aviations-super-salesman-2/ Picture of Lawrence Bell, Retrieved from: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/d/d0/Larrybell.gif Wright, T. (2011), Lieutenant Ivan Baranovskys P-39 An airacobras journey to the eastern front and back, Retrieved from: http://www.airspacemag.com/military-aviation/lieutenant-ivan-baranovskys-p-39-41818469/ Darling, R. (2017), Bell P-39 Airacobra, Retrieved from: http://www.flying-tigers.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/ai2-P-39-Airacobra.-American-made-and-supplied-to-the-Russians.jpg Goebel, G. (2015), The Bell P-39 Airacobra and P-63 Kingcobra, Picture Retrieved from: http://www.airvectors.net/avp39.html B-29 Superfortress, (2017), Retrieved from: http://www.boeing.com/history/products/b-29-superfortress.page NASA-Dryden History- Historic Aircraft X-1, (2008), Retrieved from: https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/history/HistoricAircraft/X-1/index.html Pic Chrysler Dealership, 1942, Retrieved from: http://www.bellhelicopter.com/ company/history/1935-1949 The History of Bell Helicopters 1935-1949, (2017) Retrieved from: http://www.bellhelicopter.com/company/history/1935-1949 Scranton, P. (2001), The Second Wave: Southern Industrialization from the 1940ls to the 1970s, University of Georgia Press The History of Bell Helicopters 1950-1959, (2017), Retrieved from: http://www.bellhelicopter.com/company/history/1950-1959 Agusta, A Finmeocian Company, (2017), Retrieved from: http://www.helis.com/ timeline/agusta.php The Bell 205, (2017), Retrieved from: http://www.helis.com/database/model/9/ Bell AH-1 Huey Cobra, (2016), Retrieved from: http://www.militaryfactory.com/ aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=13 Bell OH-58 Kiowa, (2016) Retrieved from: http://www.militaryfactory.com/ aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=1 Agusta-Bell 206A Jet Ranger History and technical description, HAB,(2011), Retrieved from: http://www.heli-archive.ch/en/helicopters/in-depth-articles/agusta-bell-206a-jet-ranger/ Textron Annual Report and Proxy, (2016), Retrieved from: http://investor.textron.com/ investors/investor-resources/annual-report-and-proxy-materials/default.aspx Gale, T. (2006), Textron Inc., Retrieved from: http://www.encyclopedia.com/ social-sciences-and-law/economics-business-and-labor/businesses-and-occupations/textron-inc Huber, M. (2010), Bell Ceases Production of its 40-year old Jet Ranger, Retrieved from: http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/aviation-international-news/2010-09-21/bell-ceases-production-its-40-year-old-jetranger

reading between the lines :: essays research papers

Reading Between the Lines   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many times people take books for granted. They’ll sometimes prefer to watch a show on television or a movie than to pick up a book and read it. Simply, all because it is easier and faster to get trough with a movie than with a television show. Then there are also those few that do read, but when reading one mustn’t just read text on books to get trough with it. They must be able to comprehend what it is that is said in the book, what point it is trying to get across. A couple of days ago I read and article written by Mortimer J. Adler. It was called â€Å"How to Mark a Book†. The article mentioned and talked about how people must learn to read a book. Not by simply just reading the text, but by understanding what is mentioned, consider the point of view of the author, and the degree of significance the author gives to the text. This is where reading between the lines comes in. A person must be able to acknowledge what he or she is reading. If the individual reads the text and does not understand its’ meaning, then the time has been wasted as Adler mentions in his article. One must learn ways of understanding a book and what it is trying to get across, because text carries emotion to a great extend and people just don’t seem to know. This is why reading is essential not only to one’s education but to one’s life as well. I completely agree with what Adler mentions in the article. If a person does not make notes of what he or she is reading, then he or she is only processing text trough their mind and not receiving the message that is the subject at hand. If one is able to understand the significance of the writing then not only can a person develop better writing and communication skills but also gain an experience. Understand that when reading a book the reader has to take time making notes and figuring out what certain material means in order to perceive well what is being mentioned. Therefore one must read books more than one time so that one can appreciate the book and put it to good use one way or the other in their lives.

Essay --

Percussion: The History ​Despite what many may think, percussion is well known across hundreds of nations all over the world. Percussion has been around for centuries, and it has a very important meaning in the lives of many. It would be safe to assume that Percussion will be around for a long time as well, and play an important part in the lives of many people. Most people see drums as a cool thing to do, others see them as a bunch of irritating noise makers; but do they know the history behind them? So what is percussion? Percussion is a musical instrument played by striking with the hand, a handheld, or a pedal-operated stick or beater (Hudson). There are different groups of percussion instruments, and as time went by, they have immensely evolved from where they started (Zed). So what is percussion, where did it start, and what is it used for? ​How and where did percussion start? Percussion started in Asia Minor [the western peninsula that now constitutes most of modern Turkey], being the first musical apparatus that ever came into being, existing in nearly every culture since before 6000 B.C. (Samuel & Jason). It was started by the native people hitting various items with sticks and hands. Percussion instruments were used for multiple purposes such as chanting, signaling war and communicating with other tribes (Samuel & Jason). The first percussion instruments were likely human hands and feet used to clap or stomp a rhythm. Eventually cultures discovered that they could create louder, more varied sounds with crafted surfaces and implements. In the 18th and 19th centuries, more percussion instruments [like cymbals and triangles] came to being. It is impossible to say where the first percussion instrument was made, t... ...e history of percussion is a very fascinating field of study; it is also important to those in the music industry, and for those who would like to pursue it. Percussion is also important because without it our music would be boring. It is also very helpful, because without it the Native Americans would not have been able to signal or communicate with each other and call for help during war and other times of need. While doing research on this subject I learned only a few things, such as the origin, what they are used for, and its important role in everything aside from marching band. The subject of percussion seems to be a much more important idea than most give credit for. The next time you see or hear about percussion, you will easily identify any of the instruments that a band member is playing. Now, you can give credit to where credit is due and deserving.

Compassion and God’s Self-Revelation

Compassion is a compound word, formed by putting up the words â€Å"co† and â€Å"passion† together, which literally means â€Å"together† and â€Å"strong feeling,† respectively. As such, the word â€Å"compassion† literally mans having a strong feeling about the other. It may be considered feeling a strong emotion over the predicaments of others, feeling for their pain, or their loss. It may also call for works that may eliminate or at least decrease the pain. Compassion is mostly manifested by acts of kindness like sharing, giving comfort or consolation, and extending sympathy and genuine concern (Dhammika). Compassion may be considered as the best thing one can extend to another person as all its manifestations are the best in human beings. It leads to the presentation of aspects of man that may be considered as God’s likeness. As such, it may be considered as a way for God’s self-revelation to his people (Dhammika). Different to God’s self revelation to Moses during the olden days, where the Israelites were committing idolatry while Moses was talking to God at Mt. Sinai, God’s modern day self revelation may not happen on the spiritual low points in mankind’s history. It may actually happen when man’s spirituality is at its all-time high (Laney 37). As compassion leads to actions that are based on the teachings of Jesus and other prophets of Gods, it may then be considered as the manifestations of the existence of God. An existence that is although different from the great burning bush in the time of Moses, still brings warmth to the hearts of his people especially to those who badly needs them (Laney 37). In addition, since compassion brings all the kindness of humanity and as man is told to be created from God’s likeness, then it may prove that through compassion extended by an individual to another man shows, ultimately, he may be showing that facet of humanity that is that of God’s as well. This may be God’s self-revelation through his own people towards some of his people who may not yet be believers of his existence. Therefore, it may be concluded that compassion or that strong feeling towards another’s suffering leads to acts that are considered righteous even by other religions. It may show man’s true nature. As he was created from God’s likeness and God is considered to be the kindest God, then man must show God’s existence through his kind acts. As such, God uses his people’s compassion as a key to his self-revelation.

Bridgetone

The competitive environment for Bridgetown as well as the accounting system currently in use Prior to 1980, when the US market was dominated by US automotive manufacturers, competition in the manufacturing of automotive components was limited to IIS local suppliers. As foreign automotive manufacturers settled in the US market, competition in manufacturing automotive components became more intense.The scarcity and the expensive gasoline following the oil crisis of the end of seventies combined to the loss of the market share to foreign manufacturer intensified the competition. Mike Lewis realize that despite having reached 65% vs. 80% (the world class uptime) through the productivity program accomplished (tracking Of causes Of downtime, timing the lines , using uptime reports progress, etc. ) , ACE still need to outsource further lines : its accounting system seem to be based on manual, partial and biased measurements of inputs.It lacks effective cost accounting control supervision. I ndeed, more cost (overhead) is dedicated to lower the cost (time of processes). The accounting system seems to be incomplete because it doesn't take into account the level of overheads. 2/Explain why manifold moved from class II to lass Ill after oil pans and muffler exhaust systems had been outsourced from the CAP While the processes and uptime were reduced, overheads were not rationalized, causing manifolds costs to become 15% higher than competition.In such a competitive environment, where other manufacturer tend to lower all elements of the costs, ACE focused on only one parameter (process and time of production), ignoring the cost of overheads. These were certainly raised because of the productivity program that involved redundant skilled employees being hired into following the process, timing them, and filing reports.

Err Booklet Abc

Bi: DESCRIBE THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF YOUR EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT AS SET OUT IN YOUR CONTRACT OF EMPLOYMENT OR EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT My employment is conditional to a clear CRB disclosure carried out by my employer; it is subject to the employer receiving 6 personal and professional references through a strict vetting initiative. It is essential to drive and carry valid insurance, tax and MOT certificates including business class one insurance.Any holiday is to be requested a minimum of one month prior to the date and is at the discretion of the manager. Sickness is to be reported as soon as possible to ensure clients visits are reallocated in a timely fashion. I must ensure that during my employment, my outside interests do not engage with a conflicting business to the company, ensure confidentiality at all times, remain loyal to the business and within a six month period of leaving do not solicit business from Home Instead Senior Care.Bii: DESCRIBE THE INFORMATION WHICH NEEDS TO BE SHOWN ON YOUR PAYSLIP/STATEMENT It will need to include, yours and your employers names, a breakdown of your payment, deductions including PAYE tax, NI and any pensions, Tax paid to date – PAYE & NI, date of pay, tax period, your tax code and NI number. The last details will include your Net pay and state how much holiday you are still entitled to. Biii: IDENTIFY TWO CHANGES TO PERSONAL INFORMATION YOU MUST REPORT TO YOUR EMPLOYER Change of address and change of name (surname if you marry and change it) Biv: DESCRIBE THE PROCEDURE TO FOLLOW IF YOU WANTED TO RAISE A GRIEVANCE AT WORK.YOU MAY DESCRIBE THIS IN WRITING OR PRODUCE A FLOW CHART OR DIAGRAM Bv: EXPLAIN THE AGREED WAYS OF WORKING WITH YOUR EMPLOYER IN RELATION TO THE FOLLOWING AREAS; 1. DATA PROTECTION The company will hold details of the employee and clients in both paper and electronic form under the Data Protection Act 1998. This will remain confidential at all times. As the employee I agree in my contract to adher e keep any information confidential at all times regarding client information, only passing on where necessary to the people involved. Failure to do so will result in disciplinary or dismissal. 2. GRIEVANCEEmployers will raise any grievances when necessary in a professional manner and employees are encouraged to raise grievances without fear at all times. Employees and the employer follow the grievance policy at all times. 3. CONFLICT MANAGEMENT When conflict arises CareGivers are asked to not approach the subject in front of clients and to try and resolve calmly, if to no avail they are to seek assistance from a senior member of the team. 4. ANTI-DISCRIMINATORY PRACTICE Employees are encouraged to work in a non-discriminatory manner and to report any issues as soon as they arise. This is for employees, employers and clients. 5.HEALTH & SAFETY Employees are given health and safety training before commencing work in the community and are encouraged to report any issues immediately. 6 . CONFIDENTIALITY Employees are to adhere to the confidentiality policy at all times or they could face disciplinary action or possibly dismissal. Confidentiality is essential with clients as it helps to build their trust although vital information should be passed on where necessary to the correct people. 7. WHISTLEBLOWING Whistleblowing encourages and enables employees to raise serious concerns within the company rather than overlooking a problem or ‘blowing the whistle' outside.Employees are advised to speak to their designated senior CareGiver or a member of the management team with any issues rather than other colleagues. Bvi: EXPLAIN HOW YOUR ROLE CONTRIBUTES TO THE OVERALL DELIVERY OF THE SERVICE PROVIDED Being a senior CareGiver means I am partly responsible in ensuring the quality of service remains at a high level by carrying out regular spot checks on CareGivers and completing Quality Assurance questionnaires with the clients to make sure they are satisfied with the care the y are receiving. Where any issues arise actions are taking to resolve them.Bvii: EXPLAIN HOW YOU COULD INFLUENCE THE QUALITY OF THE SERVICE PROVIDED BY: A) FOLLOWING BEST PRACTICE WITHIN YOUR WORK ROLE; This would encourage anybody I am training to work to high standards that I personally would set and would ensure clients are kept safe and happy at all times. This could also promote the company through word of mouth. B) NOT CARRYING OUT THE REQUIREMENTS OF YOUR ROLE. This could put yourself and clients in danger and could have a damaging effect on the companies business. The level of care would decrease setting low standards and would leave clients vulnerable to all sorts of risks.Bviii: DESCRIBE HOW YOUR OWN WORK MUST BE INFLUENCED BY NATIONAL FACTORS SUCH AS CODES OF PRACTICE, NATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL STANDARDS, LEGISLATION AND GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES. The national factors give you guidance, standards and rules to follow in your work practice. Legislation tells you what you must/must not do. Codes of Practice and Occupational Standards form the values of the company; legislation states the level and quality of care, government initiatives impact the clients more directly. If the above aren’t followed the level of care would be poor and unsafe for clients to receive.Without guidelines, laws and rules carers wouldn’t know what is and isn’t acceptable within their care duties and could also be putting themselves at risk. Bix: A) IDENTIFY TWO REPRESENTATIVE BODIES WHICH INFLUENCE YOUR AREA OF WORK. Care Quality Commission B) DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF THE TWO REPRESENTATIVE BODIES YOU HAVE IDENTIFIED. CQC licenses services if they meet essential standards and will constantly monitor whether they continue to do so. They formally review services if they receive information that is of concern and as a result decide they need to check whether a service is still meeting one or more of the essential standards.They also formally review them at lea st every two years to check whether a service is meeting all of the essential standards in each of their locations. Their reviews include checking all available information and intelligence they hold about a provider. They may seek further information by contacting people who use services, public representative groups and organisations such as other regulators. They may also ask for further information from the provider and carry out a visit with direct observations of care.

Gerontology and Social Exchange Theory Essay

Introduction The fundamental biological problem that all theories of aging seek to explain was stated very elegantly in 1957 by Williams when he wrote, â€Å"It is indeed remarkable that after a seemingly miraculous feat of morphogenesis, a complex metazoan should be unable to perform the much simpler task of merely maintaining what is already formed.† The difficulty in attempting to establish an understanding of aging is that it is not a single physiological process. It is multifaceted and hierarchical in its expression with subtle changes occurring simultaneously at the molecular, cellular, tissue and organ levels. The variety of characterizes many species, particularly humans, and the complexity of environmental interactions results in an enormous phenotypic variability being associated with aging. This variability is frequently confounded by the symptoms of underlying pathology and invariably increases between individuals with aging. First Transformation of Theory The beginning of social gerontology began as general perspectives on aging rather than as actual scientific theories. Prior to 1961, social gerontology attempted to explain how individuals adjusted to aging from role and activity perspectives. Growing old was seen as an inevitable process that led to the development of problems an individual experienced overtime. It wasn’t until 1961, with the development of disengagement theory, that there was an actual theory being used as a basis for scientific research. A basic assumption of the theory was that all societies have to transfer power from an aging population to a younger one. Disengagement attempted to explain this process of power transfer and complimented gerotrancendence, another theory from what is considered to be the first transformation of theory. Gerotrancendence follows the beliefs of Jung and Erikson that as a person ages, they withdraw from the external world to an internal world focused on spirituality, wisdom, se lf-acceptance and purpose. Both disengagement and gerotrancendence theories attempted to explain what social gerontologists thought aging should be. They did not try to develop a universal theory to explain the variety of experiences of people as they age (Hooyman & Kiyak, 2011). In the case of disengagement, this withdrawal from power was  believed to be a universal experience that transcended gender and culture. Death was inevitable; decline in abilities was probably. It was only natural that others would have lowered expectations for aging individuals. In the case of gerotrancendence, this withdrawal resulted from an individual not achieving ego identity. An individual would either attain this ego identity, a positive regard for their life, or withdraw as a symptom of despair (Andrus Gerontology Center; University of Southern California, 2005) A third theory of the time period was continuity theory, which postulated that â€Å"individuals tend to maintain a consistent pattern of behavior as they age, substituting similar types of roles for lost ones and keeping typical ways of adapting to the environment† (Hooyman & Kiyak, 2011, p. 319). Individual satisfaction was dependent on how consistent a person was able to maintain the same patterns of behavior. Though attempting to challenge previous theories based on activity and disengagement perspectives, it also did not address any personality differences among aging individuals, nor did it address any political, social, historical or cultural influences on the experience of aging (Hooyman & Kiyak, 2011). It is interesting to note that though continuity theory attempted to challenge the activity theory, it was similar to the activity perspective that that was a positive relationship between social roles and life satisfaction (Howe, 1987). Alternative Theoretical Perspectives Alternative theories based on a symbolic interaction perspective were developed to address external issues affecting aging while also attempting to connect the disparate theories of activity and disengagement. Symbolic interaction perspective is based on the premise that as an individual interacts with his environment; his experiences of aging are shaped by these interactions. Three of these alternative theories are: age stratification theory, social exchange theory, and the political economy of aging. There are many similarities and differences between these theories. Age stratification and political economy theories are based on the belief that as people age, the differences in their aging experience is significantly influenced by stratification. Age stratification acknowledges the differences experienced by those sharing a similar history. Similarities among life events and societal changes experienced by these historical  cohorts affect these individuals in similar ways. In contrast, political economy theory rejects all previous theories and posits that differences between individual experiences of aging are determined by social class. Socioeconomic and political factors determine the disparity between different groups in an aging population. Social exchange theory is based on an economic cost-benefit model of social interaction. It could be said that there is a similarity between social exchange and political economy in that disparities experienced are social in nature. Whereas in social exchange theory, an individual is thought to be able to influence or change one’s environment as one adapts, political economy believes that inequalities are built into the political system. Political economy critiques the current system which lulls the individual into believing one has to adapt to circumstances, rather than changing society’s structural inequalities. Of the alternative theories, social exchange is the only one to address the influence of culture on the experience of aging. Social exchange theory believes that people interact with those whom they believe the rewards outweigh the costs of the relationship (Taylor, Peplau, & Sears, 2006). Though social exchange theory acknowledges that though a person may no longer have the same economic value when older, that the older individual possesses other non-materialistic assets such as wisdom, love, and time for service. As our society modernized, these assets have been overlooked by a culture that now places importance on efficiency and productivity (Hooyman & Kiyak, 2011). The Second Transformation The second transformation was developed in the early 1980’s. This transformation includes the following approaches: social phenomenology, social constructivism, and social constructionism. Both of which discuss the influence of social perceptions, rather than actual facts. Social phenomenology is an interpretative approach to an individual’s social life on a day to day basis. The purpose is to gain a better understanding of the aging process and how it is influenced by social definitions and social structures. This approach can be a very helpful guide when gaining understanding of an individual’s social life, depending on how the information is obtained. The outcomes for this approach will be solely based on the interpretations of the individual (s) obtaining this information. Not  everyone has the same social definition and or social structures, which could result in numerous interpretations (Hooyman& Kiyak, 2011). Social Constructionism and Social Constructiv ism are both phenomenological approaches that focus on social phenomena development, but are very different. Social constructionism is the sociological perspective and focuses on the social contexts and structural development. This approach would view how an individual structures their life which shapes their old age experiences. Social constructivism is interpreting the meaning of an individual’s social context, psychologically. From this approach the researchers want to know more information on why a person chooses a specific context and how an individual does decide a specific social context (Hooyman& Kiyak, 2011). Critical Theory and Feminist Perspectives are also influenced by phenomenology. Critical theory refers to the biomedical model of aging, but focuses on structural and institution factors. This theory is suggesting that those (older people) participating in research studies should be allowed to come up with the questions they are requested to answer. For instance, research conducted regarding retirement would recommend a series of questions complied by other retirees (Hooyman& Kiyak, 2011). The Feminist Theory concludes that age related research outcomes involve inequalities against wom en. This theory suggests that women haven’t been included in research studies as they should be. It’s even been stated that men have been favored over women. Due to these inequalities all other theories of aging are insufficient. These inequalities also include gender with race, social class, sexual orientation, and disabilities, all of which aren’t discussed as much as they should be (Hooyman& Kiyak, 2011). These theories are all based on assumptions, rather than actual facts. The text states, â€Å"To positivist, phenomenological theories may seem impossible to test and closer to assumptions about meanings than propositions that can be proved or disprove† (Hooyman & Kiyak, 2011, p. 326).Society has a huge impact on our perceptions of life, which aren’t consistent and change over time. A huge factor of perception is that it’s not necessarily reality and lacks proven facts. If the information being evaluated isn’t consistent, lacks factual information, and is based on assumptions it shouldn’t be used for practice, but could be a beneficial guiding tool (Hooyman& Kiyak, 2011). Postmodernist Theory Postmodernist theory represents a decisive break with modernity or a positivist scientific approach to an â€Å"objective† truth (Hooyman & Kiyak, 2011, p. 331). Postmodernism focuses on how our world appears today, rather than focusing on how an individual wishes for the world to be seen. Postmodernist theory reviews the whole of a person’s experiences during their life time and examines the body not from a biological standpoint, but rather by everyday social and cultural practices built overtime to construct the identity of the individual. The individual will physically change overtime, but their essential identity develops based on achievements and future goals. An area that continues to develop in postmodernist theory focuses on biomedical technology that can provide options for reconstructing failing body parts to slow the process of aging. Postmodernist and social constructivist theories share the link of knowledge as a socially constructed element and each indivi dual’s social life events create who they are. This diversity of perspectives alerts social gerontologists to be concerned with the connections between scientific inquiry and the social milieu at particular influential points in time (Putney, Alley, & Bengston, 2005, p. 95). Both areas focus on an individual’s construct based on a cultural framework of customs, traditions, and beliefs. Social constructionism and postmodernist take into account how individual experiences alter an individual’s aging process allowing the person to develop their own reality. Each area stresses the importance of the individual’s social framework to help sustain their self-worth as they age. In contrast to political economy of aging, postmodernists focus on the well-being of an individual not from a social class or political standing, but from their life experiences. Structural factors of gender, sexual orientation, functional ability, race, age and class can have negative effects that limit an individual’s later opportunities. According to Hooyman & Kiyak (2011), these structural factors—often institutionalized and reinforced by public policy—limit the opportunities and choices of later life, resulting in cumulative disadvantages in o ld age, which are further exacerbated by retirement (Hooyman & Kiyak, 2011, p. 323). These differences force aging individuals to change themselves and their lifestyles to fit income, health and physical care policy constraints forced  on them. Increased reduction in public health and social services creates a barrier for individuals to affectively age and receive proper care. Postmodernist theory follows the same framework of individual aging. It develops with the individual to meet their needs on a personal level and takes into consideration what the body and mind have both gone through as they have aged. According to Powell (2011), older people are usually ‘fixed’ to roles without resources which does not do justice to the richness of their individual experiences and multi-facets of their personalities (Powell, 2001, p. 6). Postmodernism clearly focuses on the importance of an individual’s ability to develop overtime through experience and uses biomedicine to provide options for maintaining an individual’s physical body. This provides a solid framework for aging that meets the needs of an individual from both physical and mental capacities. Conclusion While these are the dominant theories, many other theories are in varying stages of development. In addition, theories are constantly being tested and modified as new data from aging research emerges. It is only in the last half-century that researchers have begun to focus their attention on older adults as a population worthy of special consideration. While earlier theories of aging were few in number, narrowly focused, and generally negative, recent theories have emerged that establish aging as a multidimensional process. These theories view aging as characterized by positive as well as negative qualities and are more interactive in nature. They emphasize the interaction of biological, physical, and social factors in each individual’s age trajectory, and attempt to explain how older adults can minimize the negative and maximize the positive aspects of aging, in order to more fully enjoy the increased life span that comes with living in the 21st century. References Andrus Gerontology Center; University of Southern California. (2005). The Psychology of Aging: Lecture Part II. Retrieved from http://gero.usc.edu/AgeWorks/core_courses/gero500_core/psychology_lect/index_a.htm Hooyman, N. R., & Kiyak, H. A. (2011). Social Gerontology, ninth edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Howe, C. Z. (1987). Selected Social Gerontology Theories and Older Adult Leisure Involvement: A Review of the

Civil Disobedience and Antigone Essay

Martin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech focuses on the importance of freedom and brotherhood in a nation and is intended to rally Americans to demonstrate their anger at the injustices of segregation and racism through â€Å"creative protest.† While King’s passion and anger at the status quo is obvious in the text, he specifically states that they â€Å"must not allow [their] [protest] to degenerate into physical violence.† He is pushing for defiance against the government. Antigone exhibits the same kind of defiance when she goes against Creon’s law and completes her brother’s burial rites. Antigone, like Martin Luther King Jr., was faced with conflicting obligations; the obligation of a citizen to follow the law, and personal obligation to fight what one feels is wrong. A theme appears in both texts that one’s morals are more important than the law of the land. Antigone sacrificed her life to complete what she felt needed to be completed based on her religious beliefs. King dedicated his life to obtaining freedom for black people in America and was eventually killed for what he believed in, linking the two. If Sophocles and Martin Luther King Jr. were to have a conversation, the two would most certainly agree on some things. Both would agree that one must follow their heart and fight things they feel must be changed. They would agree that one must not stand idly by as injustice takes place, such as segregation or the body of one’s brother left to rot above the ground. While Antigone is not a central figure in a civil rights movement, she does exhibit civil disobedience, bridging the â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech and Antigone.

Leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leader - Essay Example - one of the most critical of all. During the game, we had been steadily falling further and further behind our opponents, and as their score continued to rise with ours to no avail, the spirit of the team began to drop. It was painfully obvious that the mood was changing from one of hope and passion to that of upset and frustration. I knew that we could not give up, and began to push my team. I tried to raise spirits, and get everyone motivated, using my personal motivation to inspire the others. I knew how critical this game was, and this is what drove me most of all. I knew I had to step it up myself before anyone else would, and so I began playing harder and stronger. I became more aggressive, and my actions wore off on the others; they saw how motivated I was, and how unwilling I was to just give up, and it seemed to give them that enthusiasm which they had needed so crucially. I was actually surprised at how quickly the effects were seen, it was as though immediately the mood changed, and the team began playing better. As an end result, we won at last. A leader is literally considered to be "a person who rules or guides or inspires others." ("Wordnet", n.d.). I believe that on this occasion not only did I rule, guide, and inspire others, but I also earnestly learned what it meant to be a leader.