Project proposal Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Project marriage proposal - Dissertation Example3. Objectives Determine Chinese students evaluations of themselves in student placement Find out Chinese students weaknesses in student placement performance from their perspective and their mentors Combine research data with employers need to break off Chinese students performance in the placement Put forth recommendations for Chinese students to improve their performance in advance placement class. 4. Context Ask any cordial reception manager what their greatest challenge is, and they entrust probably reply, Finding and keeping employees. For many recent college graduates, who will have the job is the people with rock-steady degree and hourly work visualize. - Jack E. Miller A Chinese student who has working experience abroad has greater chances of being hired when they apply for a job in China. These working experiences argon also a good opportnity to practice English and understand the industry that he wants to be committe d with. Moreover, the placement experience is helpful in the final year study, which can help the student contact the theories with practice for better appreciation of what has been learned. This study is about Chinese students evaluations of themselves during placement experiences. ... 5. Literature Books Colin, B & tin can P, W (2002). The Power of Experiential Learning. capital of the United Kingdom Kogan Page Limited Chapter 2 of this book explores experiential learning, which includes its translation and learning from mistakes. This may be used to discuss the benefits of placement. Jack E, M & John R, W & Karen, E (2001). Supervision in the Hospitality Industry. 4th ed. Canada John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The book is about first-line supervision. It introduces the responsibilities of supervision and their role in the hospitality industry. Moreover, it shows some information about what international students may learn from the placement. Mary L, T (2001). humankind Resources Mana gement for The Hospitality Industry. 2nd ed. Florida Thomson Learning Inc. Training is an important and necessary part of placement, and in chapter 6, the hospitality orientation and training programmes introduced the reasons of training and what is training. Chapter 12 presents multiculturalism in the hospitality workplace. Peter, A and Judy, S (1992). Managing Work Experience. Kent London and New York. This book presents the educational purpose of placement and the ambiguous role of the student, the process of placement watchfulness and assessment and also included an outline of the Sheffield project which shows the terms visiting tutors and placement tutors refer to members of staff from the students academic mark who are responsible for the supervision of individual students during the placement period. Stipek, D. J. (1988). Motivation to learn From theory to practice. Englewood Cliffs, NJ assimilator Hall. It has been asserted by this author that there are factors which are not directly related to a students intellectual ability which contribute to his

Exemplification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Exemplification - Essay employmentIf one just tries to analyze a sample of the varied computer games available in the market, it would strain out that they mostly happen to be a programmed version of the coetaneous cultural icons, scarcely facilitating any(prenominal) opportunity for the exercise of imagination (Bennahum 78). These games atomic number 18 not only turning children away from the play grounds, only if are also depriving them of the opportunities for the free play of imagination that playing in a group scenario, in the lap of nature, under the blue sky, surrounded by the stimulating presence of birds, animals, insects and plants could present.Considering the fact that most of the contemporary adults today prefer to opt for a career, parents today scarcely have the time and the inclination to go for an imagination rich parenting (Gilbert 146). They simply do not understand that buying the luxurious gifts simply could not take the place of things like camping with t he child in the woods, telling fanciful bedtime stories while nudging the child to fill in the gaps in the plot with ones imaginary ideas and creations, watching a flyaway movie with the child and enjoying its momentary grip on her nascent imaginative faculties. Moments to exercise imagination are fast fading away from the family experiences of children.The irony is that modern education, which is supposed to polish and hone the imaginative faculties of the children, authentically happens to fall short of such expectations. For instance, most of the academic institutions resort to very standardized curricula, turning a blind eye to the fact that strict regimentation of learning opportunities not only curbs the opportunities for the exercise of creativity and imagination, only sometimes snub imagination (White 7). A regular mathematics teacher will feel really irritated if a ten year old says that number 2 looks like a duck, or number 8 resembles a fat woman.No

NO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

NO - Essay object lessonmultinational firms have to deeply look into the tax regulations that govern the prospective foreign nations, blocked bills and currency exchange rates among other factors.One of the mechanisms through which organizations shadow incorporate key policy-making and economic risks in evaluating capital budgeting is to adjust the discount rate payback period (Shapiro et al 2009). Similarly, establishments can slot in the risks by adjusting the expected net cash flows, and at the same time cipher the net present value by using the exchange rates of the prospective nations, for such acts succeed the administrators with more comprehensive estimations.The unpredictability of the global economy has undeniably prompted investors to be on the lookout for gum elastic investment options (Hill, 2014). Capital budgeting is an integral process in the course of undertaking an investment, for it ensures that the entities involved settle on the best opportunities. Conseque ntly, I presume that adjusting the expected net cash flows is the most preferred method of incorporating twain governmental and economic risks in capital budget analysis. This is because such an adjustment ensures that the investors understand the dynamics of the political and economic factors, and the mechanisms they can employ to avoid

Reason in Philosophy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reason in ism - Term Paper ExampleReason in PhilosophyThus, philosophers even criticize what has organism quick for many years Mummies have being f found to cry successfully gum olibanum, creating a senses of wrong and deceiving people about true world. On the separate hand of reasoning, philosophers learn to be moral so as to free themselves from deception of senses. On the other hand, Heraclitus is considered to be highly respected. Thus, he holds in numerosity of flip while others rejected it. This was due to solidity and unity of other opposing members. According Heraclitus, the tribute that introduced lies in the way the Eleatics believed. Arguing the lie of unity and like of thing hood of permanence thus rejecting the testimony. More so, they derived reason for fake the testimony of the senses. Insofar as the senses show becoming, passing away and change they do not lie. Unlike Heraclitus remain right with his statement that being is an empty invention. Therefore, in tr ustworthy world the true world is always accompanied by a lie. Reasoning in addition addresses the brilliant instruments of observation which overlook the logic of which are posed in our senses. Various weak instruments are in position to sense tiny chemical concentrations that even avoid spectroscope. Nowadays possessions of science have contributed to an finis to which new innovation and ideas are incubated. Thus, applied logic has been considered not to be reality even when lick problems with the recommended signs. The other characteristic of philosophers consist of confusing the last and the first of any subject. Addition all toldy, believe in a impression that ought to have similar start and end. This shows the way of respect thus, origin of something is considered an opposition of questioning of value. Consequently, all the concepts which has being absolute the good, the true, the perfect thus they become cause. In turn, to conclude philosophers arrive to an amazing conce pt which is always the last thing in their subject (Friedrich14) On the other hand, is contrast which conceives the problem of fracture and appearance, thus alteration of the past which endures to proof of mere appearance to the philosopher? In addition the suggestion that lead to something which is lost.In contrast, nowadays prejudices of reason forces individuals unity, identity, caught error, so as to certain the basis of rigorous examination where error lies. The other case is when philosopher advocates of error thus individual language is used. Hence, elementary psychology which come in the realm of crude fetishism when summon prior to consciousness, the basic belief of metaphysics of language. Philosophy of reasoning can also be reduced in four theses. First proposition which outline world as probable thus representing the reality thus, other kind of reality is completely indemonstrable. On the other front, the principle that has being granted on the true being of things t hat are not reality. The third proposition is inventing of fables about a world of other that has no meaning at all unless an instinct against life. Consequently, human being gained an swiftness hand for better life. Fourth proposition bring distinction between a true and an unvarnished world whether in Christian manner or in the way an unhanded Christian. In the case of appearance, it rationalize reality more only by way o f assortment and support. How The True terra firma Finally Became A Fable. According philosophers true world has attainable for the sage thus, the pious and double-dyed(a)

Research Projects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research Projects - Essay ExampleAs the fall season came and went, however, the Affordable Care Act and the budget debacle in Congress fuelled invade afresh in the agenda-setting and editorial slant of Fox give-and-take and strengthened its place at the realize of the cable news ratings (Bibel, 2013 Mirkinson, 2013). The operative question then remains why is Fox News self-made despite resisting an allegedly popular presidency and the liberal ethos of the bicoastal giants in media? Within the constraints of this very short paper, we demonstrate the theory of agenda-setting and how Fox News maintains its solitary stance but leads its segment of cable news. II. Literature appraise We discuss here the theories behind framing, agenda-setting and priming as they impinge on political communication slackly and, in particular, the ideology that stoutly characterizes coverage in the cable news channels Fox News and MSNBC. This means we are in the realm of cognitive communication and ca mpaign effects, i.e. framing, agenda setting and priming. We besides touch on the hearing appeal of this ideology. Political and communications research has undergone at least trinity major paradigm shifts since the post-newspaper era early in the last century. The magic bullet or hypodermic syringe theory was much in vogue from the 1920s to the 1940s. Agenda-setting came into the limelight around 1972. Starting around 1989, the propaganda manikin offshoots of framing and agenda setting became even more specifically applicable to a polarized US media scene. The propaganda sit down revolves around the multiple facets of control by conglomerates that generally serve their own commercial interests. The news agenda is shaped by five filters that include multiple ownership, advertising, liberal bias versus conservative ideology, anti-Communism, and catering to earreach apprehensions. Early in the century, to return to the seminal background of media effects, the Frankfurt School o f largely Jewish theorists proposed the hummer or Hypodermic Needle Theory as a reaction to their observations of how Hitler and Goebbels in Nazi Germ whatsoever had apparently mesmerized the entire German people. In this model, the audience had no ideas of their own and passively absorbed any(prenominal) communications were launched at them. In essence, the theory was over-impressed by the power and pervasiveness of radio, cinema, television and advertising mass media was regarded as having a direct, immediate and powerful effect on mass audiences. Since audiences supposedly did not know any better, they absorbed and agreed with any messages they heard. Empirical experience soon showed that audience and market segmentation were solely possible because listeners and viewers did have thoughts of their own. During the 1940 Presidential election, the Two-Step Flow Theory was conceptualized to admit the possibility that interpersonal relationships were just as powerful or persuasive as anything carried by the mass media. As to the both other communication paradigms, Scheufele and Tewksbury (2007) maintain that priming is an offshoot of agenda setting. Theoretical work in the seventies and 1980s suggested that one reason agenda-setting worked to make certain issues and personalities more prominent was that mass media had primed the audience to prioritize specific issues as benchmarks for evaluating the

Advertisements and Female Gender Stereotypes Research Paper

Advertisements and Fe priapic Gender Stereotypes - Research Paper ExampleIn order to gain the prudence of consumers, it is important to recognize what attracts the targeted group the most. However, regardless of such an important position provided to both genders, there is an change magnitude debate over the stereotypes used to portray these genders. Some researchers criticize media for humiliating, shameful and disgracing portrayal of women. Others believe that women be used media as sexual objects and this simply is immoral and unfair. On the other hand, people believe that media stereotypes women as caring, tolerant, understanding and loving creatures. They are portrayed as loving mothers, caring sisters, loyal workers and graceful wives. This typography would further explain how media portrays women and how successful it is in portraying those female gender stereotypes. During 1950s, the advertisements portrayed women as housewives who were oft inclined towards cleaning, coo king and taking care of other family members. By that time, a few women worked and were discriminated as compared to the male counterparts. However, continuous efforts and feminist movements changed the history and women were finally welcomed in the professional field. This change should have caused a confirming impact on advertisement by portraying women as loving, caring, sensitive and honest ladies who are equal to(p) to manage their career but the reality was different.

Slavery and Human Trafficking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Slavery and Human Trafficking - Research Paper ExampleBasically, individuals be trafficked between countries or within borders of a state and in most cases, those trafficked are subjected to sexual or labor exploitation. Human trafficking is sensation of the most common problems affecting counties and families on every continent. Mostly, human trafficking is associated with sexual exploitation but close a third of all trafficked individuals are exclusively subjected to labor exploitation such as internal work, packing and processing, and agricultural work among others. Normally, the victims of human trafficking are illegally relocated to another country where they are forced into slavery conditions so to en open the traffickers can benefit financially (Healey 1). Human trafficking is a determine of slavery in the modern society and it is considered a form of slavery because it involves transporting individuals to another country against their lead to benefit others. Human tra fficking is a global problem and it does not only occur in ugly areas but also in developed places. Human trafficking is mainly for sexual abuse, elimination of organs, forced labor, or forced marriage among others. It is a crime against an individual since it violates the victims rights of movement via coercion and so it is strongly condemned as a violation of human rights by international conventions. The most people trafficked are migrant workers who in most cases seek to escape from poverty and improve their lives and also be able to support their families. They are deceived that they will get well-paying jobs abroad but when they rich there, the promised job does not constitute and as a result, they are forced to work in worse conditions or they find a job that they do not agree with.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

neurotic Compulsive Disorder - Research Paper ExampleWorried that she might sop up an allergic attack, she cleans the house every couple of hours, never seemed to be satisfied that she did it right two hours ago. This action at law continues throughout the day, leaving little or no room for her other activities that argon equally crucial (Mayo Clinic Staff). Typically, obsessive compulsive derangement makes a person go through repeated actions that mainly originates from having woeful thoughts. These thoughts make the individual do or perform a certain action that is done everyplace and over again in order to pacify the stress and anxiety that he or she is savour (NIH National Institute of Mental Health). The obsessions which come nigh constantly argon often unreasonable, quite worrisome and in fact sacrifice no actual basis. The individual who suffers from obsessive compulsive distemper last realizes that the obsessive feeling and thoughts he or she is currently having distorts reality and they feel incapable to control them because they go through the same motions again and again (Mental Health America). Trying to stop or ignore the obsessions sole(prenominal) heightens the feelings of apprehension and distress while doing rituals or compulsions give short-term relief from the stress and discomfort brought about by having obsessions. Unfortunately, having obsessive compulsive disorder upsets a persons daily living schedules and activities because the obsessions and resultant compulsions makes it hard to concentrate in doing the normal activities which the person was accustomed to. The rituals or repetitive actions takes hours to do, some quantifys the unscathed day making it quite impossible for the individual with obsessive compulsive disorder little time to do something more productive. If obsessive compulsive disorder is non properly addressed overtime, it can have a negative impact on all the aspects of a persons life (The care Disorders Association of America (ADAA)). The theoretical causes of obsessive compulsive disorder are biology, environment and inadequate seratonin. These causes are considered to be hypothetical since the true or actual cause of obsessive compulsive disorder is not fully known (Mayo Clinic Staff). Biology pertains to the study of plants and animals, which includes the normal chemistry and role of the brain in sex act to the other parts of the body. It is contemplated by researchers that obsessive compulsive disorder is an end result of an irregular transfigure in the normal working condition of the brain circuits, which may be due to an inadequate train of serotonin, a chemical messenger within the brain (Mayo Clinic Staff). The insufficient amount of such brain chemical affects the normal communication of brain parts that ultimately gives rise to the occurrence of obsessive compulsive disorder (Mental Health America). The environment is also said to contribute in the occurrence of obse ssive compulsive disorder because of some behavior-related habits, which were acquired during the growing and developmental phase of a particular individual (Mayo Clinic Staff). The habits are generally inculcated from childhood to early teens where various factors that stem out of ones surroundings are easily assimilated and are considered normal even if they are not within the norm or are socially unacceptable. Obsessive compulsiv

Hamlet by William Shakespeare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Hamlet by William Shakespeare - Essay Examplethither stand many conflicting theories and ideas on this subject, and this paper aims at analyzing the theme of revenge, in relation to sanity, the impossible performion of certainty, the complexity of action and a brief analysis of the play. In the initial Act, Hamlet appears to be in a flawlessly sane state of mind in all the five bursts. In the certify scene, the audience starts to square up his character change.Polonius meets with Ophelia and reminiscences the meeting she previously had with Hamlet. Ophelia tells her fetch that indeed Hamlet came to her messy and in a traumatized state of mind, tal major power of horror. Her father instantly believes that he is actually Mad for thy relish? (Act 2 Scene 2). Ophelia answers a question postured by Polonius which she replied that had told Hamlet that Polonius could non communicate or see with him any further. Her father refers to Hamlet madness once again by announcing that what h is daughter uttered, ... hath made him (Hamlet) insane. (Act 2 Scene 2). The argument of if Hamlet is mad because of his affection for Ophelia remains often argued, but a more than complex and confusing situation is the brawl within the mind of Hamlet. His personal struggle gets shown to the audience in the first scene of the 3rd act. In this first scene, Hamlet recites his eminent being or not being- that are the query (Act 3 Scene 1) speech. Here, the audience truly apprehends that Hamlet is uncertain two meaning in his life. Being or not being essentially is Hamlet assessment on whether he ought to toil the efforts of living in such harsh world and contest to avenge the murder of his father or commit suicide. Hamlet remains muddled as to whether he have to avenge the expiry of his father when he, as Sigmund Freud Oedipus Rex Complex proposes, wished to kill his father to catch all the attention of his mother. However, in the back(prenominal) of the mind Hamlet, which keeps him in continuous turmoil, remains his faithfulness to his family and furthermore, his father (Shakespeare 67). Hamlet, in scene two of act four, meets with Guildenstern and Rosencrantz, and he appears to be breaking into madness. Hamlet had just murdered Polonius, and his friends were inquiring him on where he dictated the body of the deceased man. The odd thing about this scene remains that Hamlet appears to play with Guildenstern and Rosencrantz and does not offer them a straight riposte. Hamlet has practically malformed into a different individual and does not seem to be wholly sane (Cantor 44). Since Hamlet doubts the existence of Ghosts revelation, he chooses to put on the doings of being insane in the process he actually drives Ophelia mad, initiating her death. Sometimes it also appears that Hamlets madness style become a reality. Next is another condition that cannot be totally elucidated the condition being Hamlets delays in revenging the death of his father. The first thi ng that Hamlet discovers is the death of his father in scene five of the scene one, where he trails the ghost. Hamlet eventually hears from this ghost, that he (ghost) is the soul of his father and that he got killed by Claudius. All this took power at the onset of the play and Hamlet waits until the play end to avenge for his father. Then again in that location stands different perspectives as to if Hamlet waited till the end to actually have revenge. Within the play in that respect remain many insinuations that Hamlet tormented Claudius all the way up till he killed the king and the father of

Engineer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

train - Essay ExamplePeople have enabled themselves to travel to other continents in a matter of hours and to promulgate instantly with others. The advancement in the technology technology areas has shortened long distances and enabled humans to have to a greater extent space and time. A new example of this is the Giant Telescope links to London from New York, underneath the Atlantic Ocean by the Internet Technology. I chose the Engineering program to equip myself with the proper knowledge to deal with the advancement of technology and the new inventions.One of my long-term victor and personal goals is to have my engineering program become my window for most of the advancements and to feed my interests in the science behind the inventions. Moreover, I assume to build better experiences and apply what I have learned from my engineering theory putting it into confide at work. It is my aim to work for one of the industrial companies, to gain more experiences and skills and one da y arise my declare technology and/or manufacture it. Currently, I am planning to obtain my double major degree in Mechanical Engineering and Manufacturing Engineering and work in the industry. After gaining experiences in the professional field, I plan to obtain a master degree in Engineering Management to be able to learn managerial skills. Thus, I will be able to apply the management skills into my own factory in the future.Additional skills and discipline in working as a team ingredient and in managing the time to accomplish tasks on time was gained throughout learning continuously in the give lessons of engineering each quarter. I learned how to optimize my output and my groups output in spite of appearance a fixed time frame. Moreover, the discipline that has been gained will continue in my life, to learn how to tackle challenges and how to cover all obstacles in obtaining my goals. I learned how to utilize more than one resource for engineering science, to

Research Methods in Business and Economics Essay

Research Methods in Business and Economics - Essay ExampleThe article is create verbally with a scholarly fervour and is not intended for the general audience. There is an erudite tone kept throughout the article, and it is assumed that the readers are professional and well read. The structure of the paper is also professional with asylum given first and then comprehensive lit follows. The show gives a sufficient introduction and literature review. The article has given considerable illustrations of the theoretical notions mentioned in the research. Resource based view is discussed and through verifiable studies and findings it is explain in terms of competition, process and capability. Client-specific and non client-specific value addition is also differentiated and competition is discussed in the case of high client-specific value addition. The author has somemultiplication, in the article, gone with the flow and has jumped quickly from one concept to another. It is understa ndable that the nature of research is such to discuss and link many concepts but at times in the paper considerable time is not given to a concept. For example firm performance and capability is not discussed greatly in the paper. This may be because the researcher believes that the audience is well sexual with the concept beforehand. The paper is indeed written for professional people but still some authorise distinction and explanation of the concepts would have increased the reach of the study. Presentation of Findings The author has presented the findings of the study in a professional manner with tables and statistical information given to the readers. A longitudinal study is usually voiceless to conduct as it requires use of complex statistical instruments, but the author seems to have worked well in this regard. The statistical information is also given in proper tables so that it is easy to read. The best issue about the research is that the hypotheses are presented very clearly. The study is no doubt a complicated study with focus on diverse concepts and their impact on each other. It was therefore important to present the methodological analysis and hypotheses in a clear manner and this is done in the study rather effectively. The

To what age should parents support children Research Paper

To what age should parents support children - Research Paper ExampleIn order to effectively superintend with the aim of the study stated above, a research question will be asked and effectively interrogated with data collection procedures. The research question and its sub questions are presented below.From a more schoolman perspective, at that place continues to be discussions and debates on the place of law on termination age. That is, the academic relevance of the study has to do with the legal implications for parents in supporting or taking care of their children. This means that there are dickens general themes or aspects of the research business that the current study seeks to unify. The first theme forms of the basis of academic discussion where the important place of parenting in the development of children is emphasised. On this theme of the research problem, Buehler et al. (2014) noted that as fond beings, all children are born in to a complaisant setup, where they are expected to be nurtured and brought up in a way that can be considered as consolidating with acceptable social standards. Meanwhile, as parents assume parenthood, they are legally obliged as the people responsible for giving children the necessary social guideline into becoming responsible adults. Whiles doing this, there are different roles that parents play for their children, including financial support, emotional support, social support, moral support, and educational nurturing (Cohen & Wills, 2005). However, it has often been the case that some parents have out of ignorance and in some cases, bowl over intentions disregarded their roles to children, causing children to be stranded and frustrated in the course of their natural development (Buehler & Welsh, 2009). With this problem reported in sections public media, it has become an area of concern to legitimise an age to which all parents of expert mind will be expected to support their children to.From a more socially

Analyzing the Ramayana Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analyzing the Ramayana - Term Paper Example big businessman Janak makes a resolution whoever has the ability to condescend the bow will marry Sita. The King says this while he is quite aware that no ordinary man can achieve that.Rama together with his brothers journey to King Janaks court and are stretched the opportunity to bend the bow. Rama finds it quite easy to bend the bow and his strength is so massive that the weapon snaps. King Janak agrees to offer Sita to Rama as his bride and also to offer his brothers noble bride from his kingdom. Therefore, Sita turns place to be Ramas wife and Lakshman marries Sitas sister Urmila. Sitas cousins, Sruta-kriti and Mandavi turn out to be the wives of Satrughna and Bharat. Dasa-radha in fear of rivavry among his children, decided to send Satrughna and Bharat to live with their mother. Years later, King Dasa-ratha proposes that Rama ought to become regent. The bulk of the people in the council and the kingdom are excited of this idea and plan to invest for Rama to attain the konsala throne. However, the wetnurse to Queen Kaikeyi is not happy with the idea and suggests that that Kaikeyis son ought to become regent. She manages to convince Dasa-ratha to send Rama into deportee and make Bharta regent. Rama is forced to exile and tells his wife that he will fulfill his fathers news program (Sadan, 232).Ramayan is a romanticized myth that is destined to plea to humans better nature. Ramayan is prevalent with a act of characters who behave contrary and plainly to the nature of humans such that they become unreasonable. The first seen is when Dasratha murders Shravana. Shravana, who is a bowing son, decides on carrying his sick and sightless parents on his shoulders while he walks. The four heavenly locations of pilgrimage take in a diamond and the four sides comprise of more than four thousand miles. At a tread of fifteen miles each day, without passing any jungles and no paves roads with resting period, this voyag e was likely

Describe your ideal company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Describe your ideal company - Essay ExampleAdditionally, these steps can assist a potential employee in carrying out self-evaluation to determine their personal needs in the job market.The first constitute is known as the self-assessment stage. At this stage, an employee determines his/her preferred skills, the most suitable working conditions expected. Moreover, the employee analyzes the interests and values expected from the job. The twinkling stage involves the employee exploring their options. This step involves exploring occupations and conducting research market.The next phase in life planning involves decision-making. This is the stage whereby an single evaluates the available information relating to their personal profile and matches them with a suitable market opportunity. At this stage, setting of c areer goals is also accomplished, and the relevant steps required for achieving the goals are set. The last stage involves taking action by identifying the possible occupati ons at the disposal of the person seeking employment (Mather, 2011 18).My ideal workplace would be at Sothebys. The company specializes in auctioneering and specialty retail. Additionally, it is a public company trading in the New York Securities mass meeting market. The company was founded in the United Kingdom but is currently headqu impostureered in New York City in the United States. However, it has more than 90 divisions in more than 40 countries worldwide.The companys operations are divided into three lines of businesses namely auction, finance and dealer. The company additionally deals in brokerage of fines, decorative art and jewelry and other collectibles. Due to its diversified business portfolio, Sothebys is the largest art business. In reference to the financial report for 2012, the company made sales worth more than $5.8 Billion.In line with Hofstedes stead on culture, the company deals with employees of different cultures. However, in an effort to avoid stereotyping

Personal narrative Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Narrative - Personal Statement ExampleA male cook approached my bed and gave me a quick examination. That is when reality struck me, the pain I was under was not full from the stitches in my face, but every part of my body was aching. The events that led to the state I was in argon still fresh in my mind, even though they doo not haunt me nor make me regret, they act as a stern reminder on the need to follow parental orders and doing things at the right time. constitution down my reflections of that horrific Friday that left me in a vegetative state for a course of study, I would worry to plead with my young colleagues at college and in high school to take control of their lives. The events of that fateful Friday darkness had been seamlessly course of studyned for a month and my friends, and I, were revved up for a mind-blowing nighttime. The mind-blowing aspect amuses me, as at times I tend to think that it did indubitably happen, but on a lighter tick as my mind was almost literally blown off. It was during the beginning of March when my friends I decided to plan for a house company at the end of the month to be held at Johns, my classmate, place. His parents would be travelling to the countryside for a week, providing the opportune moment for executing our plans. The house party idea was initially meant to be for twenty friends, but word got round so fast that legal age of the teenagers at school wanted to attend. This was supposed to be the usual party held by a group of teenagers, but it had escalated into the party of the year way before it had happened. As the schemers of the idea, we decided to charge selected people who were to attend, and use the amount collected for prep of food and drinks. The idea seemed brilliant as we collected five thousand dollars, a huge sum, considering that a hundred individuals would attend the party. The night for the awaited event finally came and we all decided to grace the function in style using our parent s vehicles. I had actually lied to my parents that I was going to Johns place to give him some company as we finished on some class work. At the back of my mind, I was impressed that I could lie to my parents with a straight face and get outside with it, without the knowledge of the events that were to unfold. I could hardly concentrate on anything, and my mind was poised for the nights events. The expectation as it appeared was not a unique thing as people turned up archaean and all psyched up. We had purchased a lot of inebriantic beverages mixing them up with punch to be drunk during the on the whole night. It was a deception to think that the party would be a secret affair especially with the alcohol around. I had decided to take it slow on the alcohol and only took small pints at a time not knowing the cumulative effect that it would have by the end of the night. Everyone at the party indulged in the drink with several of my friends passing out at the early stages of the pa rty. Things intensified as the night wore on, and everyone was highly intoxicated to think straight. To spur things up we decided to engage in a stochastic game of truth or presume by spinning a bottle. The game is synonymous with majority of the parties that take place around the country, but the nights tragedy were a direct way out of the game and the alcohol. It was my turn and asked for the option between truth or dare I opted for a dare seemingly courageous enough to do anything asked of me by my challenger. The dare involved me driving with a

The Visions And Intensions Of Karl Marx Essay Example for Free

The Visions And Intensions Of Karl Marx EssayFrom the content of the Manifesto of the communistic Party, it is seen that Marx and Engels are non public lecture of any cededom but freedom from exploitation, freedom from grade oppression, and freedom from class conflicts. In this sense, ordering cannot be considered free until it exchanged capitalisticic exploitation with the free col turn overation of each members of gild.Freedom as rescue of the worker from capitalist exploitation, is only one, though the most important aspect of his freedom. It cannot be restricted by negative roughageistics, as in freedom from something. Freedom makes sense only when man is free not due to negative forces, to deliver him from something or the other, but due to positive forces, to show his real individualisation (Hart, 1982).For Marx, freedoms like freedom of religion and the freedom to take property are hollow freedoms. In the manifesto, Marx wrote, scarcely dont wrangle with us so foresightful as you apply, to our intended abolition of mercenary property, the standard of your bourgeois notions of freedom, culture, law, etc. Your very ideas are but the outgrowth of the conditions of your bourgeois production and bourgeois property, just as your jurisprudence is but the leave alone of your class make into a law for all, a will, whose essential character and direction are determined by the economical conditions of existence of your class. Thus, only in a egalitarian society would a human individual truly gain freedom.Karl Marx and Maximilian Weber are two of the founders of sophisticated Sociology. Marx and Weber were influential figures during their time, as both were active and visible in German politics. Their words operate a major power in them that denotes authority and conviction thus becoming an inspiration or a threat to those who hear and read, yet were also widely criticized and disputed. These two however, as many people believe, contend opp osing views in many issues, particularly with regards to the controversial debate of capitalism and socialism. Yet they also partake commonalities.Karl Marx is popularly known for his works that gave rise to the concept of communism.Marx is in fact trained in the battleground of philosophy but eventually veered towards economics and politics. Hence for many scholars then and now, he was more of a revolutionary communist than a philosopher. For Marx nevertheless, the philosophers have only interpreted the world, the point is to change it, this he wrote in his Theses on Feuerbach (Wolff, 2003). His most popular work was the Communist Manifesto (1848), which he co-authored with his lifelong friend, Friedrich Engels. Yet correspond to many academicians, even if the Manifesto is the most famous of Marx works, it is not the best material to use to dismember his sentiments and belief. In fact many deem the Economic and Political Manuscripts of 1844 as the heart of Marxs abridgment par ticularly in relation to economics. Prior to communism, what paved the way to the development of communistic ideas was the theory of historical Materialism. This is Marxs version of history, where forms of societies experience a constant rise and fall because that society had grown to contain human productive power. During his time, capitalism was the dominant society, thus, capitalism impedes human productivity.What follows the decrease in productivity is a revolution or epoch change because the former society can no longer wait on the needs of man. Marx believes that the historical process or the progression or human societies undergoes a series of changes in the mode of production but will eventually culminate to communism communism will replace capitalism giving rise to a society in which each person should contribute check to their ability and receive such according to their need (Wolff 2003). Marxs postulates, though some were regarded as unempirical, were thus far necess ary, as he was able to discuss economics using material bases rather than relying on philosophical abstractions and dialectics (Kemerling, 2002). Most importantly, his works were viewed as the inspiration for the victory of the Bolsheviks several decades later in the October Revolution. His most notability and recognized ideas is that the Proletariats, Bolsheviks for the Russians, are not given their fair share during the production of commodities, thus there is no harmonious relationship between the capitalist profit earner and the working(a) man and neither will there be an equilibrium in the capitalist market (Weber, 2006).Karl Marx believes that revolution is inevitable. Nations will aspire for a society that fosters equality and progress for everyone and not just the control class. This emerges from an uprising from the proletariat as they hold out to feel antagonism from the bourgeoisie.Modern day societies, according to Marx, are basically divided into two major classes the bourgeoisie, or the capitalist, ruling class, and the proletariat, or the working class. With this class distinction, material wealth of a nation is wholly controlled by the capitalists, while the working class only depends on salary as they work for the continue wealthy existence of the bourgeoisie. Marx believes that ultimately, the working class will notice the inequalities in their society and will call to bring about major changes that can only be possible through revolutionary means. (Kemerling).Marx acknowledges the differing ideas on socialism and communism, but eventually concludes that it is through revolution that true communist ideals can be met. Believers in socialist and communist systems assert that antagonism persists as industrial development continues. Since the economic condition does not provide for the freedom of the proletariat, they therefore search after a crude social science, after new social laws, that are to create these conditions (Marx 110).Cent ral to Marx concept is class distinction, which has been present throughout the course of history. The redbrick capitalistic society is itself a product of the feudalistic society, but has brought about new forms of oppression. Capitalism evolved from feudal concepts and continues to evolve in order to sustain itself incessantly changing the means of production and exchange. The bourgeoisie has made itself the center of every society in the world as it compelled all nations to follow its model of society a society that has enormously increased urban population so as to take them away(p) from the simple rural life (Marx 64-64).It has also promoted a mode of production, which it presents to be based on freedom, i.e., free trade and globalization. In the process, the bourgeoisie has given power and wealth to only a few people, that is, the ruling class. On the other hand, the proletariat becomes mere commodities as capitalists continue to look for cheaper labor, and the workers, s ince they are selling themselves for labor and are competing with other workers for daily sustenance, turn out with lower wages in the end. In the long run, labor becomes more burdensome to the workers even as the wages go down.The economic situation of the working class, as they will eventually discover, is due primarily to the system of production, the system that the capitalists themselves have developed for their own welfare. Marx also notes that even the small shopowners, tradespeople, and handicraftsmen, unable to compete on equal footing against the larger capitalist groups, become part of the proletariat, although they are more conservative, considering only their future interests (70-71). The working class is the revolutionary class that is bound to face the bourgeoisie, starting with small groups until it forms into a national group that will take power from bourgeoisie to centralize all instruments of production.Communists envision a classless society and promote the comm on interests of the proletariat, and leap out the overthrow of the capitalists so that the working class will gain power. Marx believes that the communists are the most advanced of all sectors of the working class, as they work towards the abolition of private property, which has been the basis for antagonism of the working class (80-81). Marx predicts that the capitalist society will eventually evolve, leading to its demise as the proletarians resist the system and fight for the emancipation of the working class. REFERENCESHart, M. (1982) The Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History, Galahad Books, New York City.Kemerling, G. (2002, August 7). Karl Marx. Retrieved Jan. 25, 2007 at http//www.philosophypages.com/ph/marx/htmMarx, K. and Engels, F. The Communist Manifesto. New York Simon and Schuster Inc., 1964.Weber, M. (2006, July 30). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved Jan. 25, 2007 at http//en.wikipedia.org/w/ index.php?title=Max_Weberoldid=66750368Wolff, J. (2003, August 26). Karl Marx. Retrieved Jan. 25, 2007 at http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/marx/

Effects of Smoking Essay Example for Free

Effects of Smoking EssayThe cause and effect leaven on locoweed, informative speech on tattoos talks about how cigarette smoking has devastating effects on the human body and at the same time it discusses about various myths and facts about tattoos. According to scientists, in that respect are mevery reasons why people indulge in smoking some of which include catch pressure, lack of knowledge about the risks involved in smoking, being brought up in a home base or environment where people smoke regularly, feelings of stress, fatigue and anxiety and many more. If you befuddle smoked for a long period of time, you begin to develop markinged teeth which are usually yellow in color. You flush toilet get your teeth whitened but as long as you continue smoking, the stain will resurface. Smoking also interferes with your taste buds and smelling senses. Smokers lose the ability to taste and smell things ordinarily like they used to.You will smell of tobacco all the time but you wi ll not notice it and your meals begin to become tasteless because your taste buds are not functioning properly. Other smoking effects include lung cancer, insomnia, asthma, heart disease, stroke and poor blood circulation. According to the cause and effect essay on smoking, informative speech on tattoos, it talks about the stereotypes for tattoos and how sailors tattooed their bodies according to the myths which stated that tattoos were believed to prevent any form of evil spirits and bring good luck to the individual wearing the tattoo.People have also been tattooed forcibly as a form of identification, for example the prisoners of the Nazi concentration camps Today you can choose to have a permanent or temporary tattoo without anyone noticing it. Obtaining a tattoo is no longer regarded as a form of sub-culture like the ancient days but rather it is considered as a form of art and expression of ones personal feelings towards something or someone.

The Energy of the Future Essay Example for Free

The Energy of the Future EssayAlternative enkindles be simply non-petroleum energy sources that be used to substitute petroleum products in supplying energy for railway locomotives while providing environmental benefits (DOE, 2005). The search for these fuels is the new trend since it is projected that fossil fuels, the source of petroleum products, would run out in the near future. year 2005 was predicted as the peak of sphere vegetable oil production, after which, the world oil production would decline. By 2030, it is predicted that world oil production would be the same as the production before 1980 the only difference is that the commonwealth is higher thus the demand would be greater. This would then mean that there would be higher hurts of oil products thus the search for alternative fuels is essential (Life After the Oil Crash). In addition, the degradation of the environment calls for these alternatives to immobilise the possible series of catastrophic events On e alternative fuel being widely promoted is the Biodiesel. It is a renewable fuel made from agricultural sources such as animal fat and vegetable oils. This is produced through the transesterification of the plate oil by reacting it with an industrial alcohol and a catalyst to convert it to a fatty dit methyl ester (FAME) fuel.In its pure form, also known as B100 or neat diesel, it is capable of powering an ordinary diesel engine, however, some blends are also produced such as the B5 (5% biodiesel and 95% diesel) and the B20 (20% biodiesel and 80% diesel). Most stand for diesel engines are compatible with running on biodiesel, however, manufacturer specifications should still be considered to avoid sanction violations. In terms of performance, biodiesel is comparable with ordinary diesel though it has 2-8% less fuel economy, it gives better engine performance and lubrication (US EPA, 2006).An opposite alternative being promoted collect to its say-so and environment friendline ss is the Hydrogen and the kindle cell. Hydrogen is the most abundant and simplest element on earth however, it is usually bonded with early(a) elements to form other things such as water (H2O), hydro cable carbons (CH4) and other organic matter making it unavailable (EERE, 2007). On the other hand, fuel cells are electrochemical devices that produce electricity by combining hydrogen or other hydrogen-containing fuels and oxygen.In contrast to batteries, fuel cells are different since it requires a continuous source of external fuel (OEE, 2007). The electricity produced will be used to power the engine. However, hydrogen is bulky and has a small amount of money of energy per volume this means that storage techniques of this fuel are critical to its success. But still, hydrogen as a fuel is efficient since it is clean burning and fuel cell vehicles have a potential higher efficiency compared to gasoline vehicles (about 2-3 times more) (EERE, 2007).Another alternative fuel is the electricity. Electric vehicles have gigantic been in use by some countries however, it gained low popularity due to its disadvantages like higher cost, the size and freight of the battery, short distance covered and long charging time. Nevertheless, the search for alternative fuels has shifted the attention back to electric cars due to its environmental friendliness and its potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.Researches are on their way to germinate the battery system of the vehicle such that lighter and smaller batteries that could enable the car to reach some 300 kilometers on one charging and last for 5-10 years could power the vehicle at acceleration and speeds exchangeable to gasoline powered vehicles (OEE, 2007). The 2008 Tesla Roadster Electric Vehicle is a very interesting vehicle. It runs purely on electricity, can reach 60 mph in 3. 9 seconds, has a 135 mpg equivalent, covers 220 international miles per charge, consumes less than $0. 02 per mile and has a bu ilt-in battery charging system that can be plugged into an outlet (Tesla Motors, 2008).Though this car is very interesting, I would not opt to buy this because it is very limited and has a selling price of $109,000. I think these are the reason why there still few of these around they are very costly and are very limited.ReferencesDepartment of Energy. (2005). Alternative Fuels. Retrieved June 4, 2008, from http//www. doe. gov. ph/AF/Alternative%20Fuels. htm Energy expertness and Renewable Energy. (2007, November 20). Hydrogen. Retrieved June 4, 2008, from http//www. eere. energy. gov/afdc/fuels/hydrogen. html Life After the Oil Crash. Are We Running Out?I survey There Was 40 Years of the Stuff Left. Retrieved June 4, 2008, from http//www. lifeaftertheoilcrash. net/ Office of Energy Efficiency. (2007, April 16). Fuel Cells and Hydrogen. Retrieved June 4, 2008, from http//www. oee. nrcan. gc. ca/ merchant vessels/fuels/hydrogen-fuelcells/hydrogen. cfm? attr=8 Tesla Motors. (2008). The 2008 Tesla Roadster. Retrieved June 4, 2008, from http//www. teslamotors. com/ US Environmental Protection Agency. (2006, October). Biodiesel. Retrieved June 4, 2008, from http//www. epa. gov/smartway/growandgo/documents/factsheet-biodiesel. htm

Bristol-Myers Squibb Essay Example for Free

Bristol-Myers Squibb EssayIn my opinion Bristol-Myers Squibb and Sanofi-Aventis seek a settlement rather than let the patent infringement case go to test because Bristol-Myers Squibb fail to disclose the oral side come up to with Apotex and its false certification to the FTC. Going to trial would let cost Bristol-Myers a great deal of money and severe penalties from the FTC. Bristol-Myers knew before hand that the FTC opposes agreements that certified the introduction of generic drugs which could be anti-competitive. Bristol- Myers was hoping that it could take on pursued a settlement with Apotex subjected to FTC approval and delay the pitch of Apotex generic drug until its patent expire. Bristol-Myers Squibb and Sanofi-Aventis should have attempted to pay Apotex to prevent it from launching the generic drug.It seems that BMS merely entered the agreement because they felt that Apotex could not get approval. BMS offered Apotex $60 million break-up fee if the agreement was rejected by the FTC (Baron, 2010). To offer such a high break-up fee meant that BMS was very certain of the denial by the antitrust. The deal offered was to prevent Apotex from launching their version of plavix. The scheme exerted by Sherman of Apotex was considered to be great judgment call on his part as well as the business. I believe he acted ethically in his strategy and negotiated terms that would benefit his business. He performed extensive research and found many distributors who valued to purchase clopidogrel bisulfate at very low and reasonable cost. On August 8th Apotex launched its generic Drug.Sherman states that, There should be no mistake that our decision to launch a generic of this blockbuster product at take a chance is a testament to our commitment to patients, consumers and taxpayers (Baron, 2010). Because he was a good business man he make sure that the product was on the market and sales were soaring. I felt that the FTC and the state attorneys general shoul d have rejected the agreements. Companies must conduct business ethically at all times and not rip off others because of greed. The price that Bristol-Myers paid was fair and it teaches other businesses not to practice business in the matter that they did. interposition from other parties can cause bad decisions to be made also in others opinion.Maybe BMS could have won if it wasnt up to the attorney general rejecting the proposal. Sometimes, some situations are best left up to the courts to decide. Bristol-Myers Squibb violated the deferred-prosecution agreement. The agreement stated that Bristol-Myers agreed to two years exemplary conduct and supervision from an self-governing federal monitor. Refusing to pay the money lead to even more question and apparent that they really wanted to defraud Apotex. In September 2006, Lacey instructed BMS to fire CEO Dolan because of his bad judgment.

Malcolm X Essay Example for Free

Malcolm X Essay1.What details of the events has each writer selected to focus on? each writer selected to focus on the psyche that Malcolm X was overall. I believe that they put so oft emphasis on the events that took place up until his low-spirited lotion to orient how important he was. Each person meant what his purpose was in the ballroom that day. Each writer also mentioned how many people were there to show his importance also. One crucial detail was that Malcolm X was shot by a member of his have race. 2.How has each writer organized the details that have been selected?Each writer organized the details as if they were watching a television show. They presented the end result first. Then they explained what led to that outcome. Afterwards they explained the reaction the assassination. I can relate to the way they organized the details. When I witness or find something out, I ordinarily say what happened. For example, Amber, the car is broken. Of course the next quest ion would be, how? 3.How does each writer interpret Malcolm X, his followers, the gunmen, and the significance of the assassination?Each writer perceived Malcolm X to be a leader, respected by many. They showed how relaxed he was when the personal line of credit began. His followers were in shock because he showed them how to be calm and control themselves through hard times. The gunmen were perceived as someone Malcolm X had problems with in the past. The assassination was shocking because he was killed by a black man when he focused on the mistreatment of the whites. 4.How has each writer used language to express his or her perspectives and to influence the thinking of the reader?Each writer used language by explaining the emotions of everyone when the assassination occurred. The writers wrote in a way to show how important Malcolm X life was. I think that expressing how you felt on a situation is the best way to connect to writers. Your feelings can help others relate.

Peat Soil Essay Example for Free

Peat Soil EssayPeat is generally establish in thick layers in limited areas, has low shear strength and high compressive deformation which practically results in difficulties when construction work is undertaken on the deposit. Peat represents the extreme form of soft soil. It is an organic soil which consists more than than 75% of organic matters. However, the shortcut value of the percentage of organic matter necessary to classify a superficial deposit or soil as peat varies throughout the world, usually depending on the purpose of classification. This cutoff value also serves to differentiate peat from superficial deposits or soils with lesser amounts of organic content. The terms peat and organic soils, use for describing soils with an organic content, were once synonymous but term organic soils is presently used for superficial deposits or soils that contain organic matter. Figure 1 Location of Peat Soil in Malaysia PEAT SOIL SUBSIDENCE flow of peatland lowers water tabl e causing subsidenceRate of subsidence 20 50 cm per division over a period of 5 years after drainage thereafter 5 cm per year. Oxidation acidity Peatland water is acidic once drained, peatwater causes severe damage to flora fauna habitats in adjacent areas. Compaction or shrinkage of peat soils may cause groundwater containing fertilizer or pesticide residues to flow from plain area to adjacent water catchment area.

Five Credible Websites Essay Example for Free

Five Credible Websites canvassCDC Seeks $40M to Modernize Infectious Disease Tracking ToolsThe nitty-gritty for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is requesting$6.6 billion in 2014s budget. Out of $6.6 billion, $434.4 million will be used to modernize infectious disease outbreaks investigation, quash wellnessc ar-associated infection, and food safety. The CDC is requesting $40 million for advanced molecular detection initiative. In addition to the advanced molecular detection of tracking disease tools, CDC is also working on expanding foodborne pathogen monitoring system. There are quin specific websites that would support the CDC request for emerging and zoonotic infectious diseases. Article http//www.ihealthbeat.org/articles/2013/4/19/cdc-seeks-40m-to-modernize-infectious-disease-tracking-tools.aspx 1. http//www.cdc.gov/2.1. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) objective is to keep America safe from health, safety, and security threats, both contrary and domestic. The CDC is an operating division of The segment of Health and Human Services (HHS). The site is redoubtable, current, and good coverage. Great source, provides accurate and up-to-date information and simple to read format. 2. http//www.fda.gov/3.2. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is a scientific, regulatory, and public health agency. The FDA also alerts and recalls products that have a potential risk. The FDA is a division of the HHS. The site is reputable and free of advertisements. The coverage is freely viewed and printed. Provides accurate and up-to-date information.3. http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/4.3. MedlinePlus is a National Institutes of Health site that offers reliable information. MedlinePlus health topics are regularly reviewed, and links are up-to-date. MedlinePlus is a government site, and reputable. MedlinePlus is free of advertisements, opinions, and freely viewed andprinted. Easy access and easy formatting. 4. http//www.usda.gov/wps/p ortal/usda/usdahome5.4. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is known as the Peoples Department, and the leadership of food, agriculture and natural resources and nutritional food supplies. USDA is a government and a reputable site. The information is reliable and up-to-date. A great source of information on food safety and the butt against information is accurate. 5. http//www.who.int/en/6.5. World Health Organization (WHO) is a global health organization providing technological support to countries. The WHO sounds the alarm for the United Nations. The WHO site is reliable and up-to-date. The information is accurate and easy to access. The site is freely viewed and printed. Word Count 384

A Look at Iraqi Women Essay Example for Free

A Look at Iraqi Women EssayThe verdant of Iraq has been the venue of much turmoil and unrest. A struggle that began in 1980 between Iran and Iraq, which was supposed to be lovesome and speedy, lasted longer than expected and as a result, more phallics were needed for the army. More draftees meant higher mortality rates, great costs for the military arm of the government, higher need for recruits. (Efrati, 28) All the same, the prolonged duration of the war brought or so a crisis in Iraqs economy. Factories and various companies found themselves suddenly lacking in workers as the mass of Iraqs men were drafted to fight in the army.Women, however, being left in the country, were many and were a suck up source for human resources. This led to the encouragement, by the government, of having women in Iraq take on tonic roles and parts to endure both economically and semipolitically. (Efrati, 28) The government came up with numerous ways to include Iraqi women in the taki ngs process of nine. Economy, which was once a mans field in Iraq, broadened to include the now self-coloured force of women all over the country. However, this was a period of stress and turmoil.War was raging and everywhere individuals were taking on roles they never used to hurl. Would this change remain upon the conclusion of the war? What would these newly inducted Iraqi women turn bulge out to look forward to when war between Iraq and Iran would finally come to an end? In truth, in post-war situations, women are often at the receiving end of a social backlash. When the troops come back home, roles are reestablished. The women, who were interpreted kayoed of their well-carved places in society to replace the men during the war, are made to go back to the handed-down gender roles they once had previous to the war.It is al almost as if war has ended for the country, between Iraq and Iran, but not for its citizens as the men and women struggle to reestablish former roles. (Al-ali, 742) In present day Iraq, there is turn up of the violence and anarchy that occurs during post-war situations. Women are at the receiving end of a constant chain of abuse and aggression to a degree that is greater than even that which existed during the period of war or during the period of intervention by the military. The women are subjected to lawlessness, lack of security, abductions, sexual abuse and harassment, chaos, and even the extreme events of rape.(Al-ali, 742 Ziad, 16) These occurences may be due to the event that the males of the society, who were once an integral part of the household of these women, are intimidated by the fact that their roles were so good replaced and taken over. The intimidation felt by the males may leave to led to a lashing out at the females who, in fact, did nothing more than that which was needed and asked of them by the country during the time of war. Also, the violence and sensible nature of the work they conducted for the m ilitary has carried over to bring violence even into their own homes subsequently the war. (Al-ali, 742)This topic tries to understand and enumerate the different roles that Iraqi women play both during and after a period of war. These testament be categorized into three types of roles social, economic and political. The political role will involve any roles they have had in relation to the government and its dealings. The economic role will involve any roles Iraqi women have had to play in relation to business and finance. And the social roles will involve all other exposed role that these women have had to play in a society that has been predominantly ruled through male hegemony. Political Role of Iraqi WomenBefore the rule of the infamous Saddam Hussein in Iraq, Iraqi women were known to have participated politically and some were even noted to have been activists. However, autonomous political exponentiation of these women was cut short at the onset of the 1970s. At this ti me, they were encouraged to join the Baath party and to try to top positions in the government by running for the rubber-stamp parliament. The results of these elections showed how greatly marginalized women were in the Iraqi society. In the first Baathist parliamentary elections held in 1980, only 16 women won a seat in a 250-seat Council.The results of the 1985 Baathist parliamentary elections were not all that different when 33 women candidates won seats in the Council. (Al-ali, 754) In 2003, only a jaggy 8% of the parliamentary Council were females, showing the continued decline of women participation in the political arena of Iraq. This was in spite of the fact that an organization called the General Federation of Iraqi Women served as the political vehicle of women in Iraq. everywhere 1 million Iraqi women were members of this federation and yet the political representation of women in the government of Iraq carcass negligible and even questionable. (Al-ali, 754)However, Iraqi Kurdistan which gained semi-autonomy was able to become a venue wherein Iraqi women could establish courteous society organizations and associations. These women soon became steeped in party politics. Although of the 20 ministers of the Kurdistan Regional government, only two were female ministers, females in Kurdistan began to be able to avail of employment in the civil service. Although political activity of women in Iraqi Kurdistan was growing and they were gaining important political roles as members of the government, their political pariticaption was often opposed and blocked off by the other male politicians.Harassment of female activists denouncing killings were often reported. Also, projects of certain women-led organizations aiming to foster a more positively charged social situation, especially for the female citizens, were most often met by opposition from male politicians and in most cases were shut down and discontinued due to the strength of the opposition. (A l-ali, 754) Although females were beginning to voice out and claim new positions as active movers in the political arena, their actions were unappreciated and even reviled by their male counterparts. The political roles that females compete were roles that they had to fight for.These were not freely given by the society they lived in. Although during the war women were held in high admire for the important contributions they could make to the war-torn Iraq, their roles were once again brought down to those they traditionally had once war was concluded. (Al-ali, 756-757) after(prenominal) the war, women were seen to be pushed further back into the background of Iraqi society. Their political roles were greater and more influential prior to the war and continued to decrease significantly as war ravaged the country and even after the war was finished.Iraqi women, although aspiring and fighting for equal political representation, are greatly marginalized in the society they so bitter ly fought hard to keep alive during the period of war. (Al-ali, 756) Political research has shown, however, that greater progress can be achieved by the war-torn Iraq if women are allowed to take a more active political role. Studies of post-war countries such as Northern Ireland, Bosniz Herzegovina, Cyprus and Israel have shown that including female perspective will hasten the reconstruction progress.Women are an essential aspect of the political arena of a country and the Iraqi government has to realize this if they adjure to speed up the rebuilding of their society after the war. (Al-ali, 756-757) Economic Role of Iraqi Women The onset of the Iran-Iraq war proved to be damaging to the economy of both countries. As the male citizens of both countries continued to be drafted for the drawn out war, females were the main source of labor and skill for the ongoing economic processes. During the war, females were taken out of their traditional role of reproduction to more challenging e conomic roles of production.

Belonging Essay Example for Free

Belonging EssayBelonging is ab disclose how atomic number 53 views their self and how one interacts with those around them. It colours who and what we ar and how we cash in ones chips into the world around us. masses seek belonging for identity, relationships, acceptance, and arrangement. Steven Herricks free-verse youthfulness, The ingenuous Gift, effectively explores the nonions of belonging by dint of the protagonists move. In a correspondent way, David Michods film Animal Kingdom and Tim Wintons short story Neighbours twain present protagonists that go by means of long journeys to puzzle belonging through developing meaningful relationships and discoveringa maven of flummox. Steven Herricks free-verse novel The Simple Gift clearly renders that alienation and a lack of connection with people will stretch forth to a lack of belonging. Immediately Herrick introduces the contributors to billy club, a sixteen-year-old runaway who is alienated and isolated. Herrick implicitly displays that billys male parent has ab apply him, which is the cause of his alienation. This is evident as Billy recounts how his sky pilot gave me one hard backhander across the face, so hard I fell down. And slammed the door on my sporting childhood.This metaphor in allows readers to understand that his fathers abuse led to Billys disconnection to from normal childhood experiences, on that pointby not allowing him to fit in and belong to fiat. Billys isolation from the community is reinforced as he leaves the neighbourhood throwing one rock on the roof of individually deadbeat no-hoper shithole lonely downtrodden house in Longlands Road, Nowheresville. Colloquial adjectives and expletives make evident Billys feelings of disconnection and resentment towards his home township, suitably named Nowheresville by Billy.It is from this place that Billy seeks escape, and so chapter one ends as he begins his journey towards belonging on a speedboat out of town h eading to the Waggawang Coalfields. Herrick portrays that Finding a sense of place and meaningful relationships leads to belonging with Billys arrival in Bendarat where he is metaphorically and literally destroying a hot life-time. Although at runner Billy is anxious, upon entering the town, he feels it brings a sense of hope for his future as he walks late into Bendaratwith the sun finally lifting. finished this use of weather motifs and personification of the sun lifting the fog, hope and positivity are unveiled for Billy after a life of negativity and uncertainty. He finds Bendarat is the perfect town and he makes carriage 1864 home. Billy begins his proceeding as he finds a physical sense of place. While the town of Bendarat Billy begins to move towards belonging through meaningful relationships, when he meets Caitlin a representative from the other society from which Billy and older Bill are hiding.Ironically, Caitlin has everything she wants, but is still discontent. She represents her familys wealth, acknowledging that her Dad is too generative for his own good. Caitlin and Billy develop an immediate bond, as they are able to talk and listen to each other without judgment or prejudice. As they meet, the narrative perspectives begins to overlap, and the reader gains insight into Caitlin through her strong verbalise, suggested through the use of personal pronouns I felt good I kept mopping. As their relationship develops, Billy finds meaning and purpose for his life as seen through this extended metaphor that Billys life has become a circuit of plans with Caitlin at the centre, and me a badly-dressed satellite spinning crazily in her orbit. With Caitlin in his life, Billy is centered and feels connectedness she is someone to whom he can belong. Similarly, Billy begins to find belonging through a relationship with Old Bill a homeless alcoholic with a sad past.Through the use of superlative in Billys description of Old Bill as the saddest uni verse in the world the reader understands that Billy and Old Bill confuse the chance to change each others lives through meaningful relationships. Old Bill is the catalyst for Billys movement towards belonging, just as Billy is able to help Old Bill re-entre society. Billys journey from alienation to belonging is screwd as he enters with Caitlin into his new home, the tangible address that Old Bill offers them for their simple gift.The key to his home that Old Bill offers Billy is the most truly gift in the novel. This key is a motif symbolizing Caitlin and Billys link together and entering a new life I insert the key and push the door. They enter this new life together. Ironically, Old Bill finally belongs again through moving away and experiencing license. For Billy and Caitlin, the ultimate connectedness comes through love fashioning. The reader understands the significance of this snatch through Billys use of a simile it was standardized falling headlong into clear wat ers of the Bendarat River.Billy finds a place to call home, a place to which he can belong, in Bendarat, where he forms his own family and in turn gives simple gifts to and helps other find their own sense of belonging. Like The Simple Gift, David Michods film Animal Kingdom effectively explores the concept of belonging through its protagonist Joshua J Cody, a teenage boy thrown into a world of crime after his mother dies of a diacetylmorphine overdose. Similar to Billy, J is alienated due to family circumstances.It is Js first person narrative voice over that draws us into the world of the Cody family. He speaks to us After my mum died this was just the world I was thrown into. This way of having him speak to the audience, allows us to be a part of his search for belonging end-to-end the film. Michod also utilizes the fleshly motif throughout the entire film. It is established in the opening credits through the artwork that is shown through extreme close ups. The Cody family is a den of lions and J walks in as a cub The weak survive when they are protected by the strong.From the informant of the film there are a number of times this motif recurs, but mayhap the most significant moment is the conversation where Detective Leckie tells J all about the bush and the creatures in it and says youve gotta work out where you fit. Js journey throughout the film is a search for belonging within this tool kingdom. Although J needs to choose where he belongs, we see he does not really have a choice due to the Cody family constantly dragging him into their problems.Viewers clearly observe this when J is having dinner away from the Cody family and at his girlfriend Nickys house. The diagetic sound of the family having dinner fades out and the eerie and ominous music comes in, suggesting something negative and frightening. The camera shows a close up Js face as he views the news on the tv, emphasizing Js fear of his family. Js eyes are now glued to the television and the medium shot of him having dinner loses focus forcing the viewer to watch the television just like J.Camera shots are used in manhoody other significant separate of the movie to display Js slow journey to belonging. Long and medium shots often used to show Smurf kissing her sons, significant because the final shot of the film is a long shot of J holding Smurf in a position of authority over her because he has killed Pope. This symbolizes him becoming one of them and perhaps even suggests that within the animal kingdom he has taken his position as leader like Craig encouraged him to be at the start.J has finally found belonging with the Cody family as leader of the animal kingdom. Similar to the previous two texts, Wintons short story Neighbours begins with a young gallus that is in a state of alienation like sojourners in a foreign land. Like the Simple Gift, the lack of understanding prevents meaningful relationships and therefore leads to alienation. Neighbours opens with th e young rival having just arrived in their new suburb. Winton chooses to tell the story in third person, creating a distanced and simplistic quality throughout.Leaving all characters nameless only to be referred to by generalized titles such as the Macedonians, the Polish widower and the young play off enhances the texts impersonal nature. This opens the story up so that anyone can see themselves in each of the roles allowing them to connect with the characters and storyline in a unique and powerful way resulting in Winton being able to effectively portray his message of belonging. Another element to the piece is The 20th Century Novel a project the man is working on for what could be a university extra honors degree, that soon becomes a reoccurring motif.The novel is a exemplary tool used to represent the abstract world of intellectuals however its presentation becomes a contrast with the real world that the couple discovers within this suburb. As the story progresses Winton u ses the seasons as the structure of the story and the young couples journey to belong. In Autumn the young couple plant vegetables to live on, by beginning this common activity to their neighbours the Macedonians feel comfortable enough to begin to bond and also offer the young couple help and give them a gift of garlic cloves.Like The Simple Gift, through small gifts and acts of kindness come understanding, building of relationships and belonging. This significant event marks the beginning of the couples path to belonging the neighbours come to the fence and offer advice about spacing, hilling, mulching. As winter began the young couple smile in return to their neighbours and receive a visit from their parents who they were once like. The juxtaposition of the parents and their children show how ofttimes the young couple have changed and begun to belong They felt superior and proud when their parents came to visit.Their parents are in complete shock of the neighbours demeanour as they do not understand the beauty behind their lifestyle, this juxtaposes the young couples behaviour as they have accepted their neighbours behaviour and have begun to understand their lifestyle and see the beauty and freedom of it. The final significant experience for the couple is the unexpected pregnancy of the woman, followed by her natural home birth. end-to-end the pregnancy the couple are constantly approached by well- wishers in the neighbourhood, presenting the ommunities acceptance of them despite any differences and joining them in the celebration of this impending birth.During the home birth of their child the couple unexpectedly experience both interest and support from their new neighbours, displaying their final connection as a community. The birth process is profuse with descriptive language, highlighting not only the beauty and power of this moment but the final trample in claiming their place in this community with this new life.Each of the moments experienced above are all highly natural, reflective of the traditional European culture they are now living amongst, forever making The 20th century novel more redundant as the story progresses. The man is developing his understanding of the 20th century world however the one he really needed to understand to find his sense of belonging was the one surrounding him, The twentieth century novel had not prepared him for this. People seek belonging for identity, relationships, acceptance, and understanding.Steven Herricks free-verse novel, The Simple Gift, effectively explores these notions of belonging. Through Billys character, the reader sees that belonging comes when there is acceptance and understanding, especially through meaningful relationships and human connectedness. In a similar way, David Michods film Animal Kingdom and Tim Wintons short story Neighbours both present protagonists that go through long journeys to find meaningful relationships and a sense of place to discover their own sense of belonging.

Wal-Mart Supply Chain Essay Example for Free

Wal-Mart Supply Chain EssayWal-MartExecutive abridgmentWith over US$444 billion in 2012 gross gross revenue from operations in 27 countries, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. is the worlds largest retailer. Wal-Mart is the worlds third largest public corporation, according to the Fortune Global 500 list in 2012 and worlds biggest private employer with 2.2 million associates worldwide. Wal-Mart serves customers and members more than 200 million times per week. Wal-Mart operates under 69 different banners. Wal-Marts tally train, a key en equal to(p)r of its growth from its beginnings in rural Arkansas, has long considered by legion(predicate) to be a major source of competitive advantage for the community. In fact, when Wal-Mart was voted retailer of the decennium in 1989, its diffusion costs were estimated at 1.7 per cent of its cost of bargains, comparing favorably with competitors such as Kmart (3.5per cent of total sales) and Sears (five per cent of total sales). Their scatter ing system is gener eithery regarded as the intimately accent visibility through the sharing of instruction with their suppliers. Wal-Mart slipped to No. 2 in the Fortune 500 in 2011 after holding onto the top espy for two years in a row. Wal-Marts international convergence line continues to be a source of growth for the party revenues outside the U.S. rose by 13.1% last year, to $35.5 billion. creationWal-Mart has come a long way since its inception and undergone umpteen changes on the way. surface-to-air missile Waltons sign strategy was to target slump-income families in rural flying fields by off-keyering significantly lower costs. Through manipulation of engineering science in distri justion and supply chain logistics Wal-Mart has been able to cut costs and lower scathes for conclusion lend oneselfrs. Wal-Mart is one of the best supply chain operators at the moment. Using a supply chain instruction system that is progressively a makest its competitors and the y dont even stop evolving. Pushing the limits of supply chain management, peeping for and fend foring ruin technology that pledges to make its IT infrastructure more efficient. The company has 4 strategies impulsive its operations * Becoming a truly global company* Solving Business Challenges* Leading on kindly issues* Keeping its culture strongWal-Mart has also requestn various initiatives in its approach towards its operations. Some of them take following In 1992 Wal-Mart developed Ethical sourcing program to verify the products they sell are produced in a way that cans dignity and respect for workers in the supply chain, while protecting the environment. For eight straight years, Wal-Mart U.S. Logistics recordable imperfection rates assimilate been below industriousness average. This year the entire Wal-Mart U.S. Logistics Network introduced an Enhanced Behavior ground Safety Program. Wal-Mart has implemented a Supplier Development Program, in which the Ethical Sourci ng Team works nigh with suppliers to improve working conditions in factories.Background of Wal-Mart IncBased in Bentonville, Arkansas and founded by the legendary Sam Walton, Wal-Mart is the worlds largest retailer with more than 8,500 broths worldwide, including butt ins in all 50 states as well as international encloses in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico and the United Kingdom, as well as control stick venture agreements in China and a stake in a leading Japanese retail chain. The company has over 2.2 million employees ( cognize as associates). It was estimated that Wal-Mart served more than 200 million customers for to each one one week.Wal-Marts strategy is to provide a broad assortment of quality switch and services at everyday low impairments (EDLP) and is best known for its brush aside computer storages, which offered merchandise such as apparel, smallappliances, housewares, electronics and har dware, but also ran combine discount and grocery stores (Wal-Mart Super Centers), membership-only warehouse stores (Sams Club), and smaller grocery stores (Neighborhood Markets). In the general merchandise area, Wal-Marts competitors included Sears and Target, with specialty retailers including Gap and Limited. Department store competitors included Dillard, Federated and J.C. Penney. Grocery store competitors included Kroger, Albertsons and Safeway. The major membership-only warehouse competitor was Costco Wholesale.The Development of Wal-Marts Supply ChainBefore he started Wal-Mart Stores in 1962, Sam Walton owned a sure-fire chain of stores under the Ben Franklin Stores banner, a franchisor of variety stores in the United States. Although he was under contract to get most of his merchandise requirements from Ben Franklin Stores, Walton was able to selectively purchase merchandise in bulk from crude suppliers and then transport these goods to his stores directly. When Walton re alized that a natural trend, discount retailing ground on driving high volumes of product through low-cost retail outlets was wholesale the nation, he decided to open up large, warehouse-style stores in order to compete. To stock his new warehouse-style stores, initially named Wal-Mart throw out City, Walton involve to step up his merchandise procurement efforts. As none of the suppliers were willing to send their trucks to his stores, which were determined in rural Arkansas, self-distribution was necessary.The initial competitive advantage for Wal-Mart was its supply chain management. As Wal-Mart grew in the mid-sixties to 1980s, it benefited from improved road infrastructure and the inability of its competitors to react to changes in legislation, such as the removal of resale price maintenance, which had prevented retailers from discounting merchandise. A strong and efficient supply chain is the key to distribution and keeping their customers satisfied with the promise of E veryday Low Prices. Things within the supply chain in which Wal-Mart excelled at would include logistics, purchasing, retail decisions, and control the overall bullwhip effect of the supply chain.The key attributes to Wal-Marts hugely developed logistics department are pass across docking or direct transfers from inbound or outbound trailers without tautological storage, Working with suppliersto standardize elusion sizes and labeling. The cross docking system was originated by Wal-Mart, this innovation allows a distribution center to direct inbound shipments straight to a cross-docking system, products are delivered to a warehouse on a continual basis, where they are stored, repackaged, and distributed to stores without academic session in inventory. Goods cross from one loading dock to an some other, usually in 24 hours or less. speckle working with suppliers on labeling will step-up cleverness in transporting goods from distribution centers to retail stores.PurchasingAs h is purchasing efforts increased in scale, Walton and his senior management team would make trips to buying offices in red-hot York City, cutting out the middleman (wholesalers and distributors). Wal-Marts U.S. buyers, find in Bentonville, worked with suppliers to ensure that the correct mix of staples and new items were ordered. Over time, many of Wal-Marts largest suppliers had offices in Bentonville, staffed by analysts and managers supporting Wal-Marts handicraft. In addition, Wal-Mart started sourcing products globally, opening the frontmost-year of these offices in China in the mid-1980s. Wal-Marts international purchasing offices worked directly with local factories to source Wal-Marts private label merchandise. Private label sales at Wal-Mart, commencement ceremony developed in the 1980s, were believed to paper for 20 per cent of 2005 sales. Private label products appealed to customers since they were often priced at a significant discount to dent name merchandise for Wal-Mart, the private label items generated higher margins than did the suppliers branded products.Every quarter, buyers met in Bentonville to review new merchandise, exchange buying notes and tips and review a fullymerchandised prototype store, located within a warehouse. In order to gather field intelligence, buyers toured stores two or three days a week, working on the sales floors to help associates stock and sell merchandise. Wal-Mart wielded enormous power over its suppliers. For example, observers noted that increased dicker clout was a contributing factor in Procter Gambles (PG) acquisition of chief meet Gillette. Prior to the acquisition, sales to Wal-Mart accounted for 17 per cent of PGs revenues and 13 per cent of Gillettes revenues. On the other hand, these two suppliers combined accounted for about eight per cent of Wal-Marts sales. Some viewed Wal-Marts close co-operation withsuppliers in a negative light.Wal-Mart dictates that its suppliers must accept payment enti rely on Wal-Marts terms, share information all the way backbone to the purchasing of raw materials. Wal-Mart controls with whom its suppliers speak, how and where they can sell their goods and even encourages them to support Wal-Mart in its political fights. Wal-Mart all but dictates to suppliers where to manufacture their products, as well as how to design those products and what materials and ingredients to use in those products. When negotiating with its suppliers, Wal-Mart insisted on a single invoice price and did not pay for cooperative advertising, discounting or distribution. Globally, Wal-Mart is believed to bedevil around 90,000 suppliers, of whom 200 such as Nestle, PG, Unilever and Kraft are key global suppliers. With Wal-Marts expectations on sales data analysis, category management responsibilities and external research specific to their Wal-Mart business, it was not uncommon for a supplier to have several dozen employees working full-time to support the Wal-Mart business. in all these steps have allowed Sam Waltons empire to increase its companys relationship with suppliers by using a collaboration planning, forecasting, and renewal model. This will coincidently, along with the income smoothing of having everyday low costs, reduce the bullwhip effect, lower costs, increase subject utilization, and improve customer service levels. The income smoothing concept is since Wal-Mart uses resourceful use of cooperative planning, forecasting, and replenishment it will sufficiently lower the bullwhip effect.This effect is caused by slight demand variables which are magnified as information moves back upstream from consumer back the raw materials in the supply chain. Another benefit of reducing the bullwhip effect and successful in its supply chain management techniques is reducing the uncertainty and lowering the amount of inventory needed in house. Uncertainty will have the negative effects of lateness and incomplete orders between Wal-Marts dist ribution centers. However in having a sufficient supply chain management system in patch it will lower the amount of inventory needed in house and insure against supply chain uncertainty.Inbound LogisticsWal-Mart recognized the importance of controlling inbound logistics and expended considerable efforts in mastering this function. The company hold the value of controlling the inbound logistics, made it a company- wide mission, developed the technology required and teams were create specifically to implement the mission. Today Wal-Mart has intimately total inbound control of all DC-to-store shipments. Wal-Mart has decided to take this to next level by asking its vendors to directly ship to Wal-Mart DCs. On implementation, this will provide Wal-Mart with greater control over the management of the logistics and more efficiency by taking over the vendor-to- DC leg and use those savings to further reduce prices. This will further help in weaken matching of demand and supply.Distribu tionWal-Marts store openings were driven directly by its distribution strategy. Because its first distribution centre in the primaeval 1970s was a significant investment for the theatre, Walton insisted on saturating the area within a days driving distance of the distribution centers in order to gain economies of scale. Over the years, competitors copied this hub-and-spoke design of high volume distribution centers serving a cluster of stores. This distribution-led store expansion strategy persisted for the next two decades as Wal-Mart added thousands of U.S. stores, expanding across the nation from its headquarters in Arkansas. Stores were located in low-rent, suburban areas, close to major highways. In contrast, key competitor Kmarts stores were thinly circularize throughout the United States and were located in prime, urban areas. By the time the rest of the retail industry started to take notice of Wal-Mart in the 1980s, it had built up the most efficient logistics profits o f any retailer.Wal-Marts 75,000- individual logistics division and its information systems division included the largest private truck fleet employee base of any firm 7,800 device drivers, who delivered the majority of merchandise sold at stores. Wal-Marts 114 U.S. distribution centers, located throughout the United States, were a mix of general merchandise, food and soft goods (clothing) distribution centers, processing over five billion cases a year through its entire network. Product was picked up at the suppliers warehouse by Wal-Marts in-house truckage division and was then shipped to Wal-Marts distribution centers. Shipments were generally cross-docked, or directly transferred, from inbound to outbound trailers without extra storage. To ensure that cases moved efficiently through the distribution centers, Wal-Mart worked with suppliersto standardize case sizes and labeling. The average distance from distribution centre to stores was approximately 130 miles. Each of these dis tribution centers was profiled in a store-friendly way, with similar products voluptuous together. trade in purchased directly from factories in offshore locations such as China or India was processed at coastal distribution centers before shipment to U.S. stores.On the way back from stores, Wal-Marts trucks generated back-haul revenue by transporting unsold merchandise on trucks that would be otherwise empty. Wal-Marts backhaul revenues its private fleet operated as a for-hire mailman when it was not busy transporting merchandise from distribution centers to stores were more than US$1 billion per year. Because its trucking employees were non-unionized and in-house, Wal-Mart was able to implement and improve upon standard delivery procedures, coordinating and deploying the entire fleet as necessary. Uniform operate standards ensured that miscommunication between traffic coordinators, truckers and store level employees was minimized. Wal-Mart improve the efficiency of its priva te fleet by virtually 69 percent in 2012 compared to its 2005 baseline. Throughout their network they delivered 65 million more cases, while driving 28 million fewer miles, by change magnitude their pallets per trailer and managing their routes.The heavier loads have minimal wedge on their fuel efficient equipment, which includes an average tractor age of three years and the addition of more than 13,000 skirted trailers. The network efficiency improvement equates to avoiding nearly 41000 metric tons of CO2 emissions, the equivalent of taking about 7900 cars off the road. Continued enhancements in routing and scheduling software, coupled with advancements in GPS and mobile technologies are helping in better management of routes. Wal-Mart has also shown improved efficiency by focusing on the problem of backhauls. In 2011 solo with focusing on backhauls, the practice of picking up a load from a vendor and delivering to the distribution centers, rather than running an empty truck be tween the store and distribution center, saved more than 56000 trips. From 2005 to 2008 Wal-Mart increase the fuel efficiency in the private fleet by 38%.Much of this fuel efficiency was achieved through technology and the use of more aerodynamic trucks. They looked at alternative fuels, auxiliary power units and aerodynamic fairings on both tractors and trailers. Wal-Mart not only uses the technology to track the location of the rigs, they track the fuel sheer and monitor the drivers right foot, gear selection and other driver decisions. Altering driver behavior is the next frontier of driving more fuel efficiency. Wal-Marts published goal is to prongy the truck fleet efficiency by October of 2015, so in 5 years they expect to almost double what they achieved between 2005 and 2008. Theres many ways to skin the fuel efficiency cat. One clear methodological analysis is to run fewer empty miles. According to Wal-Marts own press their efforts to reduce empty miles and optimizing how merchandise is stacked in the trailers the private fleet logged 87 million fewer miles in 2008 while transporting 161,000 more cases, allowing the company to save 15,000,000 gallons of diesel fuel.Investments in GPS-based routing applications, strong load optimization tools for load planning and cube utilization, ontogenesis new loading practices, all will help improve costs. Reducing package size and increasing value density helps reduce miles. Wal-Mart is working hard to reduce packaging by 5% by 2013. But packaging does not even touch on the impact of improved value density. As the product mix changes and the cost of products continue to decline, Wal-Mart is challenged to get even more product into less shoes, not only of transport, but for warehousing and store space. Detergent formulations that reduce the water content, package redesigns that change the act upon of the cartons to increase the count loaded onto the truck, carton designs that reduce the dead space around the pr oduct but sill provide the protection needed, all of these efforts will directly reduce transit cost and carbon footprint.retail StrategyWal-Marts first stores were filled with merchandise that had been bought by Walton in bulk, as he was persuade that a new trend discounting merchandise off the suggested retail price was here to stay. In the mid-sixties, Wal-Mart grew promptly as customers were attracted by its assortment of low-priced products. Over time, the company copied the merchandise assortment strategies of other retailers, for the most part through observation as a result of store visits. To generate additional volume, Wal-Mart buyers worked with suppliers on price rollback campaigns. Price rollbacks, each lasting about 90 days, were funded by suppliers, with the goal of increasing product sales between 200 and 500 per cent. The company also ensured that its store-level operations were at least as efficient as its logisticsoperations. The stores were simply furnished and constructed using standard materials. Efforts were made to continually reduce operational costs.For example, light and temperature settings for all U.S. stores were controlled centrally from Bentonville. As Wal-Mart distribution centers had close to real-time information on each stores in-stock levels, the merchandise could be pushed to stores automatically. In addition, store-level information systems allowed manufacturers to be notified as soon as an item was purchased. In anticipation of changes in demand for some items, associates had the authority to manually input orders or override impending deliveries. In contrast, most of Wal-Marts retail competitors did not confer merchandising right to entry-level employees as merchandising scouts were sent to stores through head office and were expect to be followed precisely.To ensure that employees were unbroken up-to-date, management shared detailed information about day/week/month store sales with all employees during daily 1 0-minute-long standing meetings. The display of merchandise was suggested by a storewide template, with a unique template for each store, indicating the layout of Wal-Marts various departments. This template was created by Wal-Marts merchandising department, after analyzing historical store sales and community traits. Associates were free to alter the merchandising template to fit their local store requirements.ledge space in Wal-Marts different departments from shoes to household appliances to automotive supplies was divided up, each spot allocated to specific SKUs. Each Wal-Mart store aimed to be the store of the community, tailoring its product mix to appeal to the plain tastes of that community. Thus, two Wal-Mart Stores a short distance apart could potentially stock different merchandise. In contrast, most other retailers made purchasing decisions at the district or regional level. In order to harness the knowledge of its suppliers, key category suppliers, called category c aptains, were introduced in the late 1980s, and they provided input on shelf space allocation.Information SystemsWalton had always been interested in gathering and analyzing information about his company operations. As early as 1966, when Walton had 20 stores, he attended an IBM school in upstate New York with the intent of hiring the smartest person in the class to come to Bentonville to computerize hisoperations. Even with a growing network of stores in the 1960s and 1970s, Walton was able to personally visit and keep track of operations in each one, due to his use of a personal airplane, which he used to observe new construction development (to determine where to model stores) and to monitor customer traffic (by observing how full the parking lot was). In the mid-1980s, Wal-Mart invested in a central database, store-level point-of-sale systems, and a satellite network.Combined with one of the retail industrys first chain-wide implementation of UPC bar codes, store-level informat ion could now be collected instantaneously and analyzed. By combining sales data with external information such as weather forecasts, Wal-Mart was able to provide additional support to buyers, improving the accuracy of its purchasing forecasts. In the early 1990s, Wal-Mart developed Retail Link. At an estimated 570 terabytes which Wal-Mart claimed was larger than all the fixed pages on the Internet Retail Link was the largest civilian database in the world. Retail Link contained data on every sale made at the company during a two-decade period. Wal-Mart gave its suppliers access to real-time sales data on the products they supplied, down to individual stock-keeping items at the store level.In exchange for providing suppliers access to these data, Wal-Mart expected them to proactively monitor and replenish product on a continual basis. In 1990, Wal-Mart became one of the early adopters of collaborative planning, forecasting and replenishment (CPRF), an integrated approach to planni ng and forecasting by sharing critical supply chain information, such data on promotions, inventory levels and daily sales.15 Wal-Marts vendor-managed inventory (VMI) program (also known as continuous replenishment) required suppliers to manage inventory levels at the companys distribution centers, based on agreed-upon service levels. The VMI program started with PG diapers in the late 1980s and, by 2006, had expanded to include many suppliers and SKUs.16 In some situations, particularly grocery products, suppliers owned the inventory in Wal-Mart stores up to the point that the sale was scanned at checkout.To support this inventory management effort, supplier analysts worked closely with Wal-Marts supply chain force out to co-ordinate the flow of products from suppliers factories and resolved any supply chain issues, from routine issues such as ensuring that products were gain for pickup by Wal-Marts trucks, and arranging for the return of defective products, to last-minute issues such as managing explosive spikes in demand for popular items. When Wal-Mart buyers met, on a frequent basis, with a suppliers sales teams, two important topics of review were the suppliers out-of-stock rate and inventory levels at Wal-Mart, indications of how well replenishment was being handled. Suppliers were provided with targets for out-of stock rates and inventory levels. In addition to managing short-term inventory and discussing product trends, Wal-Mart worked with suppliers on medium- to long-term supply chain strategy including factory location, co-operation with downstream raw materials suppliers and production volume forecasting.Wal-Marts satellite network, in addition to receiving and transmitting point-of-sale data, also provided senior management with the ability to fan out video messages to the stores. Although the bulk of senior management lived and worked in Bentonville, Arkansas, frequent video broadcasts to each store in their network kept store employees infor med of the latest developments in the firm. In an effort to emulate Wal-Marts ability to share information with suppliers, Wal-Marts competitors relied on a system similar to Retail Link. Agentrics LLC, a software service provider, developed, in conjunction with several of global retailers, a software platform called Retail Interface, which collectedstore level sales data which could then be shared with suppliers. Agentrics customer base included many of the worlds top retailers including Carrefour, Tesco, Metro, Costco, Kroger and Walgreens who were also investors in Agentrics.Human ResourcesBy visiting each store and by encouraging associates to contribute ideas, Walton was able to uncover and disperse best practices across the company in the 1960s and 1970s. To ensure that best practices were implemented as soon as possible, Walton held regular Saturday aurora meetings, which convened his top management team in Bentonville. At 7 a.m. each Saturday, the weeks business results w ere discussed, and merchandising and purchasing changes were implemented. Store layout resets were managed on the weekend, and the renovated stores were ready by Monday morning. Walton and his management team often toured competitors stores, flavour for new ideas to borrow. Wal-Mart believed that centralization had numerous benefits, including lowercosts and improved communications between different divisions.All of Wal-Marts divisions, from U.S. stores, International, Sams Club, to its logistics and information systems division were located in Bentonville, a town of 28,000 lot in Northwest Arkansas. Regional managers and in-country presidents were the few executives who were stationed outside of Bentonville. Another key to Wal-Marts ability to sleep together low operating costs was the fact that it was non-union. Without cumbersome labor agreements, management could take advantage of technology to drive labor costs down and make operational changes quickly and efficiently.Being non-union, however, had its drawbacks. As its store network encroached on the territory of unionized grocers, unions, such as the United Food and Commercial Workers Union, started to incur more aggressive in their anti-Wal-Mart publicity campaigns, funding so-called grassroots groups whose goals were to undermine Wal-Marts expansion. Wal-Marts size also made it a target for politicians every stumble was magnified and played up in the press. Two of Wal-Marts key supply chain improvement initiatives included Remix and RFID (radio frequency appointment tags).