Overview of the Animals Called Monotremes

Overview of the Animals Called Monotremes Monotremes (monotremata)  are a unique group of mammals that lay eggs, unlike placental mammals and marsupials, who give birth to live young. Monotremes include several species of echidnas and the platypus. Monotremes Most Obvious Differences From Other Mammals The most striking difference from other mammals is that monotremes lay eggs. Similar to other mammals, they do lactate (produce milk). But instead of having nipples like other mammals, monotremes secrete milk through mammary gland openings in the skin. Monotremes are long-lived mammals. They exhibit a low rate of reproduction. Parents take close care  of their young and tend to them for long periods of time before they become independent. Monotremes also differ from other mammals in that they have a single opening for their urinary, digestive, and reproductive tracts. This single opening is known as a cloaca and is similar to the anatomy of reptiles, birds, fish, and amphibians. Differences in Bones and Teeth There are a number of other less salient characteristics that distinguish monotremes from other mammal groups. Monotremes have unique teeth that are thought to have evolved independently of the teeth that placental mammals and marsupials have. Some monotremes have no teeth. Monotreme teeth may be an example of convergent evolutionary adaptation, however, because of similarities to other mammals teeth. Monotremes also have an extra set of bones in their shoulder (the interclavicle and coracoid) which are missing from other mammals. Brain and Sensory Differences Monotremes differ from other mammals in that they lack a structure in their brain called the corpus callosum. The corpus callosum forms a connection between the left and right hemispheres of the brain. Monotremes are the only mammals known to possess electroreception, a sense that enables them to locate prey by the electric fields generated by its muscle contraction. Of all monotremes, the platypus has the most sensitive level of electroreception. Sensitive electroreceptors are located in the skin of the platypuss bill. Using these electroreceptors, the platypus can detect the direction of the source and the strength of the signal. Platypuses swing their head from side to side when hunting in water as a way of scanning for prey. Thus, when feeding, platypuses do not use their sense of sight, smell, or hearing: They rely only on their electroreception. Evolution The fossil record for monotremes is rather sparse. It is thought that monotremes diverged from other mammals early on, before marsupials and placental mammals evolved. A few monotreme fossils from the Miocene epoch are known. Fossil monotremes from the Mesozoic epoch include Teinolophos, Kollikodon, and Steropodon. Classification The platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) is an odd-looking mammal with a broad bill (that resembles the bill of a duck), a tail (that resembles the tail of a beaver), and webbed feet. Another oddity of the platypus is that male platypuses are venomous. A spur on their hind limb delivers a mixture of venoms that are unique to the platypus.  The platypus is the only member of its family.   There are four living species of echidnas, named after a monster of the same name, from Greek mythology. They are the short-beaked echidna, the Sir Davids long-beaked echidna, the eastern long-beaked echidna, and the western long-beaked echidna. Covered with spines and coarse hair, they feed on ants and termites and are solitary animals. Although echidnas resemble hedgehogs, porcupines, and anteaters, they are not closely related to any of these other mammal groups. Echidnas have short limbs that are strong and well-clawed, making them good diggers. They have a small mouth and do not have any teeth. They feed by ripping apart rotten logs and ant nests and mounds, then licking up ants and insects with their sticky tongue.

World War II in Europe Before essays

World War II in Europe Before essays World War II in Europe Before dawn on September 1, 1939, German forces crossed into Poland in an attack so fast and brutal, they called it blitzkrieg, meaning lightning war. This time Britain and France decided to fight, and on September 3 they declared war on Germany. Roosevelt declared the United States' neutrality, but within weeks asked Congress to lift the Neutrality Acts' arms embargo that prevented Britain and France form buying American weapons. After weeks of debate, it agreed to sell arms to the Allies if they paid cash and carried goods in their own ships. After a lull in fighting over the winter of 1939 and 1940, Hitler launched an invasion of Norway and Denmark for resources such as the fjords. Next the German armies swept into the Netherlands and Belgium, where for the first time they met resistance from the British and French troops. In the spring of 1940, German forces defeated the Allied army and drove it to the sea at the French town of Dunkirk, breaking through the Maginot Line. Cut off from retreat by land, the army was saved when 300,000 British and French troops were evacuated across the English Channel in a heroic nine day rescue effort aided by 600 private boats, known as Operation Sea Lion. In June 1940, Italy suddenly invaded France and declared war on Great Britain. France surrendered and Britain faced Hitler alone. As the German air force bombed British airfields, factories, and cities to prepare the way for German armies to cross the English Channel, Britain found leadership in its new Prime Minister, Winston Churchill. For months, London suffered bombing day and night by hundreds of German planes. The fighter pilots of the Royal Air Force, however, kept the German from gaining control of the skies over Britain and forced Hitler to abandon his invasion plan. When Hitler attacked Yugoslavia and Greece in the spring of 1941, the Nazis overran those countries before lend-lease aid could reach t ...

The Basics of Back-Formation

The Basics of Back-Formation The Basics of Back-Formation The Basics of Back-Formation By Mark Nichol A back-formation is a new word produced by excising an affix, such as producing the verb secrete from the noun secretion. Many back-formations, like that one, acquire respectability, but others, especially more recent coinages, are considered nonstandard, so use them with caution. Back-formation can be seen as a form of clipping, though the distinction between one category and the other is that clipped forms (ad in place of advertisement, for example) are the same part of speech as the original form, whereas most back-formations are verbs formed from nouns. (Many back-formations are formed from words ending in -tion, such as automate and deconstruct.) Most back-formations eventually take their place among other standard terms, though they are often initially met with skepticism. For example, curate and donate, now accepted without question (and associated with the high pursuits of art and philanthropy, respectively), were once considered abominations. Newer back-formations that careful writers are wise to avoid include attrit, conversate, enthuse, incent, liaise, spectate, and surveil. These buzzwords are convenient hence their creation but they are widely considered inelegant, and in the case of at least a couple of them, concise synonyms are already available. (To spectate is to watch, and to surveil is to observe.) Sometimes, a back-formation is derived from a noun describing an action, as with attendee from attendance, or from a noun describing an actor, as with mentee from mentor. Many people consider such terms aberrant, and they are also ill advised in formal writing. Other back-formations derive from confusion about a base word. Cherry and pea both developed from the assumption that the original terms cherise and pease are plurals. More recently, biceps (and triceps) and kudos have been misunderstood as plurals, resulting in bicep, tricep, and kudo. Although cherry and pea were accepted without reservations into English long ago, bicep, tricep, and kudo are still considered nonstandard. Another class of back-formations are those shorn of their prefixes for humorous effect, such as gruntled from disgruntled and kempt from unkempt; rarely do such truncations enter the general lexicon. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Synonyms for â€Å"Angry†How to Punctuate Descriptions of ColorsWords That Begin with Q

Field Sales Experience Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Field Sales Experience Paper - Assignment Example I Tunes software serve the purpose of music transfer from computers to device by the use of Apple versions and operating systems of Microsoft windows. By the use of the description above, the salesperson hold prospects and attract the individual’s attention stimulating the desire and interest on the product. The customer is then left with the option to take action on the product. The customer is also presented with the opportunity to try, touch and hold the I Pod. The sales person uses a variety of presentation to win the customer. The first approach is by stimulus response. This is where by the sales person employ the use of appealing features of the I Pod as described, one after the other. The other way of presentation is the selling formula. It involves repetitive and memorized specifications of a product. Lastly, there is satisfaction of need formula. Being that each and every customer has different needs, the presentation should be aimed at a specific customer. During the time of sales the sales person makes sure that he addresses all the information needed to the buyer of the product and overcome the objections. For a sales person to overcome objections, the following should be taken into consideration: addressing and seeking out of objections, avoid coming up with objections not raised by the prospect, counter and anticipate the objection before the customer, the sales person should be satisfied by the price before selling of the product, retrieve information on the budget of the customer, and know the products value. For instance, I Pod is required by mostly the younger generation that needs to carry a lot of information in a portable drive and in the same time be able access movies and music. In this case, the customer’s need is a drive that can compress and satisfy different tastes of the targeted customer (Wood and Kotler). The sales person should be in a position to spot the needs of the

E-marketing Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

E-marketing Master - Essay Example On the other hand , following are some disadvantages of e-Marketing: lack of personal approach; dependability on technology; security, privacy issues ;maintenance costs due to a constantly evolving environment; higher transparency of pricing and increased price competition; and worldwide competition through globalization Perhaps nothing is more conducive to the success of a firm than the image that it conveys of itself to the public. The marketing activities of a company, because they act directly on the consumer, do most to shape this image and thus must be developed with great care. As marketing has become increasingly complex, a need has arisen for executives trained in the social sciences who also possess statistical, mathematical, and computer backgrounds. Marketing, since time immemorial, has pretty much been around. It has taken its form in one way or another, but it had always been there and forever it will be. Ordinarily, marketing is considered an activity or function performed by business firms. However, marketing can also be carried out by other organizations and even by individuals. Whenever you try to persuade somebody to buy something, you are performing a marketing activity. Broadly viewed, the essence of marketing is a transaction - an exchange. Marketing occurs any time one social unit strives to exchange something of value with another social unit. Thus, marketing consists of all activities designed to generate and facilitate any exchange intended to satisfy human needs or wants ( Stanton, 1991). The methods of marketing have changed and improved. From the primitive method of barter, to use of currency, marketing has now become more sophisticated . This process is now called eMarketing. eMarketing is the "product of the meeting between modern communication technologies and the age-old marketing principles that humans have always applied E-marketing or electronic marketing refers to the application of marketing principles and techniques via electronic media and more specifically the Internet. The terms eMarketing, Internet marketing and online marketing, are frequently interchanged, and can often be considered synonymous." eMarketing is the process of marketing a brand using the Internet. It includes both direct response marketing and indirect marketing elements and uses a range of technologies to help connect businesses to their customers. By such a definition, eMarketing encompasses all the activities a business conducts via the worldwide web with the aim of attracting new business, retaining current business and developing its brand identity. E-marketing involves marketing planning within the context of the e-business e-environment. So not surprisingly, the successful e-marketing plan is based on traditional marketing disciplines and planning techniques, adapted for the digital media environment and then mixed with new digital marketing communications

Individuals resident in the UK are liable to UK Income Tax on their Essay

Individuals resident in the UK are liable to UK Income Tax on their worldwide income arising in a tax year - Essay Example An individual who is not residing in UK is subject to income tax in UK or corporation tax in case of a company only on income arising within UK from a source. Likewise, a UK company is subject to corporation tax on capital gains if the gain is accrued from the sale of assets anywhere in the globe and an individual is liable pay capital gain tax on the capital gains earned. An individual is not subject to UK’s capital gains tax if he is not resident in the UK, unless the gain is generated on the sale of the assets of a UK resident’s permanent establishment. As per s 831 of the Income Tax A ct 2007, if a person who has stayed in UK for 183 or more number of days in a tax year will be recognised as a resident for that tax year. As per s 66 (1) of the Finance Act 1998, every corporation registered in UK will be viewed as a resident company in UK. If anyone does not fall in any of the above mentioned categories, then test derives from a chain of decided cases on the subject. HMRC also regards any person as a resident if he has stayed in the UK for more than ninety days on average per annum in four successive years. In decided cases as in IRC v Brown1, however, such simple arithmetical calculation is not followed. (Elizabeth, Martin & Law 2009:475). In UK, liability for income tax arises from the basis of residence. If one resides in UK for a particular period during a tax year, then he is liable to pay income tax for that tax year. There are set of guidelines and there are less cumbersome procedures to be observed for determining residential status. If anyone does not fall in any of the above mentioned residential categories, then test derives from a chain of decided cases on the subject. Since, in case of any dispute as regards to residential status under UK’s Income Tax Act, then one has to approach the court for redressal of his grievances. Employees who are on overseas duty is still ought to pay PAYE if they receive payments from UK employer. A UK

Leadership & Negotiation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leadership & Negotiation - Essay Example From the discussion it is clear that organizations are faced with an alarming shrinkage in the availability of funds as obtaining credit has become harder, a fact which has resulted in driving well established businesses to the point of bankruptcy. The global recession also proves to be a considerable challenge because inflation has increased the level of risk associated with business activities and in these times of the financial crunch.This essay discusses that smaller businesses will generally be much more sensitive to the on going credit crunch because of their limited sources of external funding, larger more well established organizations will face the difficulties of keeping a huge business set up going in an atmosphere of financial   vulnerability. Hence it would be safe to say that all sorts of businesses are facing considerable difficulties during these times. However, there are some ways that organizations can counter these circumstances. Leaders must aim to build their o rganization’s credit structures in a way which enable them to weather the â€Å"bitter cold shock to the credit markets† . Leaders of small to medium organizations can ensure credit approval by devising strong negotiation strategies and can also look towards other sources of external financing such as â€Å"crowd funding†.  Leaders will have to learn how to make their organizations more ‘flexible’, because surviving in today’s business environment means that organizations will have to respond to the micro-markets’ demands in a timely manner, and this can only be done if organizations are flexible.